Question 1(a) [03 marks]

Explain ecological footprint.

Answer:

Ecological footprint measures the demand on nature by individuals, communities, or nations in terms of biologically productive land and water area required to sustain their lifestyle.

Table: Components of Ecological Footprint

Component	Description
Carbon Footprint	Land needed to absorb CO₂ emissions
Cropland	Area for food production
Grazing Land	Area for livestock
Forest Products	Area for timber and paper
Built-up Land	Infrastructure and urban areas

Global hectares: Standard unit for measurement
Overshoot: When footprint exceeds biocapacity
Sustainability: Balance between consumption and regeneration

Mnemonic: "CGFBB" - Carbon, Cropland, Grazing, Forest, Built-up

Question 1(b) [04 marks]

Explain Eltonian pyramid.

Answer:

Eltonian pyramid (Pyramid of Numbers) shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem, proposed by Charles Elton.

Diagram:

Tertiary Consumers
(Few - 10)
         
Secondary Consumers  
(Moderate - 100)
      
Primary Consumers
(Many - 1000)
     
Producers
(Maximum - 10000)

Table: Pyramid Types

Type	Basis	Shape
Numbers	Individual count	Usually upright
Biomass	Total weight	Can be inverted
Energy	Energy flow	Always upright

Trophic levels: Feeding positions in food chain
10% rule: Only 10% energy transfers to next level
Exceptions: Tree ecosystem shows inverted number pyramid

Mnemonic: "ELTON" - Energy Loss Through Organism Numbers

Question 1(c) [07 marks]

Explain Eco-system with its classification and component.

Answer:

Ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment, involving energy flow and nutrient cycling.

Table: Ecosystem Components

Component	Type	Examples
Abiotic	Non-living	Air, water, soil, climate
Biotic	Living	Plants, animals, microorganisms
Producers	Autotrophs	Green plants, algae
Consumers	Heterotrophs	Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Decomposers	Recyclers	Bacteria, fungi

Classification of Ecosystems:

Natural Ecosystems:

Terrestrial: Forest, grassland, desert
Aquatic: Freshwater (pond, river), Marine (ocean, sea)

Artificial Ecosystems:

Agricultural: Crop fields, gardens
Urban: Parks, artificial lakes

Diagram: Energy Flow

flowchart LR
    A[Sun] --> B[Producers]
    B --> C[Primary Consumers]
    C --> D[Secondary Consumers]
    D --> E[Tertiary Consumers]
    F[Decomposers] --> B
    C --> F
    D --> F
    E --> F

Energy flow: Unidirectional from sun to decomposers
Nutrient cycling: Cyclical movement of elements
Food chains: Linear energy transfer
Food webs: Interconnected food chains

Mnemonic: "PEACE" - Producers, Energy, Animals, Cycles, Environment

Question 1(c OR) [07 marks]

Explain Nitrogen cycle.

Answer:

Nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that converts nitrogen compounds through various chemical forms as it circulates through atmosphere, terrestrial and aquatic systems.

Diagram: Nitrogen Cycle

flowchart LR
    A[Atmospheric N₂] --> B[Nitrogen Fixation]
    B --> C[Ammonia NH₃]
    C --> D[Nitrification]
    D --> E[Nitrites NO₂⁻]
    E --> F[Nitrates NO₃⁻]
    F --> G[Plant Uptake]
    G --> H[Animal Consumption]
    H --> I[Decomposition]
    I --> C
    F --> J[Denitrification]
    J --> A

Table: Nitrogen Cycle Processes

Process	Conversion	Organisms
Fixation	N₂ → NH₃	Rhizobium, Azotobacter
Nitrification	NH₃ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻	Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
Assimilation	NO₃⁻ → Proteins	Plants
Decomposition	Proteins → NH₃	Bacteria, fungi
Denitrification	NO₃⁻ → N₂	Anaerobic bacteria

Biological fixation: 80% of total fixation
Industrial fixation: Haber process for fertilizers
Lightning: Natural atmospheric fixation
Pollution: Excess nitrates cause eutrophication

Mnemonic: "FNADD" - Fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, Decomposition, Denitrification

Question 2(a) [03 marks]

List the waste water quality parameter.

Answer:

Table: Wastewater Quality Parameters

Physical	Chemical	Biological
Turbidity	BOD	Coliform count
Color	COD	Pathogenic bacteria
Odor	pH	Algae
Temperature	DO	Virus
Total Solids	Ammonia	Protozoa

Primary parameters: BOD, COD, pH, suspended solids
Secondary parameters: Heavy metals, nutrients
Indicator organisms: E.coli for fecal contamination

Mnemonic: "PCB" - Physical, Chemical, Biological parameters

Question 2(b) [04 marks]

Explain E-waste classification and effects.

Answer:

Electronic waste (E-waste) refers to discarded electrical and electronic equipment containing hazardous materials.

Table: E-waste Classification

Category	Examples	Hazardous Materials
Large Appliances	Refrigerators, washing machines	CFCs, heavy metals
Small Appliances	Microwaves, toasters	Lead, mercury
IT Equipment	Computers, printers	Cadmium, chromium
Telecom Equipment	Mobile phones, cables	Beryllium, flame retardants
Consumer Electronics	TVs, radios	Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Effects of E-waste:

Environmental: Soil and water pollution, air contamination
Health: Cancer, neurological disorders, respiratory problems
Resource depletion: Loss of valuable metals like gold, silver
Ecosystem damage: Bioaccumulation in food chain

Mnemonic: "LSITC" - Large, Small, IT, Telecom, Consumer electronics

Question 2(c) [07 marks]

Explain Electrostatic precipitators.

Answer:

Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are air pollution control devices that remove particulate matter from industrial gas streams using electrical charges.

Diagram: ESP Working

Dirty Gas →  |─────────────────| → Clean Gas
Input        | + Electrode     |   Output
             |                 |
             | - Collection    |
             |   Plate         |
             |                 |
             | Dust Collection |
             | Hopper          |
             |_________________|

Table: ESP Components and Functions

Component	Function	Material
Discharge Electrode	Creates corona discharge	Tungsten wire
Collection Plate	Attracts charged particles	Steel plates
High Voltage Supply	Provides 30-100 kV DC	Transformer-rectifier
Rapper System	Removes collected dust	Mechanical vibrator
Hopper	Collects fallen particles	Steel container

Working Principle:

Ionization: High voltage creates corona discharge
Charging: Particles acquire negative charge
Collection: Charged particles move to positive plates
Removal: Rapping dislodges collected dust

Applications:

Power plants: Coal-fired boilers
Cement industry: Kiln gas cleaning
Steel industry: Blast furnace gas
Chemical plants: Process gas treatment

Advantages:

High efficiency: 99%+ removal for fine particles
Low pressure drop: Energy efficient operation
Handles high temperatures: Up to 400°C

Mnemonic: "CHARGE" - Corona, High-voltage, Attract, Rapper, Gas, Efficiency

Question 2(a OR) [03 marks]

Explain (1) BOD (2) COD

Answer:

Table: BOD vs COD

Parameter	BOD	COD
Full Form	Biochemical Oxygen Demand	Chemical Oxygen Demand
Method	Biological oxidation	Chemical oxidation
Time	5 days at 20°C	2-3 hours
Oxidizing Agent	Microorganisms	Potassium dichromate

(1) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand):

Definition: Oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter
Standard conditions: 5 days, 20°C, dark conditions
Units: mg/L or ppm

(2) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand):

Definition: Oxygen equivalent to oxidize organic matter chemically
Oxidizing agent: K₂Cr₂O₇ in acidic medium
Higher than BOD: Includes non-biodegradable compounds

Mnemonic: "BTCO" - Biological Time, Chemical Oxidation

Question 2(b OR) [04 marks]

Explain Recycle of E waste.

Answer:

E-waste recycling is the process of recovering valuable materials from electronic waste while safely disposing of hazardous substances.

Table: E-waste Recycling Process

Stage	Process	Recovery
Collection	Gathering from households, offices	Whole devices
Dismantling	Manual separation of components	Plastics, metals, circuit boards
Shredding	Mechanical size reduction	Mixed material streams
Separation	Magnetic, density, optical sorting	Ferrous, non-ferrous metals
Refining	Chemical processing	Pure metals (Au, Ag, Cu, Pd)

Recycling Methods:

Mechanical: Physical separation and size reduction
Pyrometallurgy: High-temperature metal recovery
Hydrometallurgy: Chemical leaching processes
Biotechnology: Microbial metal extraction

Benefits:

Resource conservation: Recovery of precious metals
Environmental protection: Prevents soil and water contamination
Economic value: Job creation and revenue generation
Energy savings: Less energy than primary production

Mnemonic: "CDSPR" - Collection, Dismantling, Shredding, Separation, Refining

Question 2(c OR) [07 marks]

Define pollution and its source. Explain the classification of pollutants.

Answer:

Definition: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energy into the environment, causing adverse changes to air, water, soil, or living organisms.

Table: Sources of Pollution

Source Type	Examples	Pollutants Released
Point Sources	Industrial chimneys, sewage outfalls	Specific location discharge
Non-point Sources	Agricultural runoff, urban stormwater	Diffuse area pollution
Mobile Sources	Vehicles, ships, aircraft	Exhaust emissions
Stationary Sources	Power plants, factories	Stack emissions

Classification of Pollutants:

1. By Nature:

Table: Pollutant Classification by Nature

Type	Characteristics	Examples
Biodegradable	Decompose naturally	Organic waste, sewage
Non-biodegradable	Persist in environment	Plastics, heavy metals
Slowly degradable	Decompose over years	Pesticides, radioactive materials

2. By Form:

Primary: Directly emitted (SO₂, CO, particulates)
Secondary: Formed by reactions (O₃, acid rain, smog)

3. By Source:

Natural: Volcanic eruptions, forest fires
Anthropogenic: Human activities, industrial processes

Diagram: Pollution Classification

graph TD
    A[Pollutants] --> B[By Nature]
    A --> C[By Form]
    A --> D[By Source]
    B --> E[Biodegradable]
    B --> F[Non-biodegradable]
    C --> G[Primary]
    C --> H[Secondary]
    D --> I[Natural]
    D --> J[Anthropogenic]

Effects of Pollution:

Environmental: Ecosystem disruption, species extinction
Health: Respiratory diseases, cancer, genetic disorders
Economic: Healthcare costs, reduced productivity
Social: Quality of life degradation

Mnemonic: "BNS-PFC" - Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable, Slowly degradable - Primary, Form, Classification

Question 3(a) [03 marks]

State the working of solar cell.

Answer:

Solar cell converts light energy directly into electrical energy through photovoltaic effect using semiconductor materials.

Table: Solar Cell Working Process

Step	Process	Result
Photon Absorption	Light hits semiconductor	Electron excitation
Electron-Hole Generation	Energy breaks bonds	Free charge carriers
Charge Separation	Built-in electric field	Electrons to n-side, holes to p-side
Current Collection	External circuit connection	Electrical current flow

p-n junction: Creates internal electric field
Depletion region: Area with charge separation
External load: Completes electrical circuit

Mnemonic: "PECS" - Photon, Electron, Charge, Separation

Question 3(b) [04 marks]

Give the comparison between Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis wind mills.

Answer:

Table: HAWT vs VAWT Comparison

Parameter	Horizontal Axis (HAWT)	Vertical Axis (VAWT)
Blade Orientation	Horizontal rotation	Vertical rotation
Wind Direction	Must face wind	Accepts from any direction
Efficiency	Higher (35-45%)	Lower (20-35%)
Height	Tower mounted, high	Ground level installation
Maintenance	Difficult, high altitude	Easy, ground accessible
Noise	Moderate	Lower
Cost	Higher initial	Lower installation
Power Output	Higher for large scale	Suitable for small scale

Advantages: HAWT: Higher efficiency, proven technology, better power-to-weight ratio VAWT: Omnidirectional, easier maintenance, quieter operation, urban friendly

Applications: HAWT: Large wind farms, utility-scale power generation VAWT: Urban areas, small-scale applications, distributed generation

Mnemonic: "HEAVEN" - Height, Efficiency, Accessibility, Versatility, Economics, Noise

Question 3(c) [07 marks]

Explain construction and working of Biogas plant with sketch.

Answer:

Biogas plant produces methane-rich gas through anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials by methanogenic bacteria.

Diagram: Biogas Plant

                Gas Outlet
                    ↑
    Feed Inlet → [Digester] → Slurry Outlet
                    ↓
               Gas Holder
                    ↑
              Underground Chamber

Table: Biogas Plant Components

Component	Function	Material
Digester	Anaerobic fermentation chamber	Concrete/steel
Gas Holder	Gas storage and pressure regulation	Steel/plastic
Inlet Chamber	Feed material entry	Masonry
Outlet Chamber	Slurry discharge	Masonry
Mixing Tank	Raw material preparation	Concrete

Construction Details:

Underground Digester:

Shape: Cylindrical or dome-shaped
Capacity: 10-100 m³ for household plants
Wall thickness: 10-15 cm concrete
Insulation: Prevents heat loss

Working Process:

Table: Biogas Production Stages

Stage	Process	Duration	Products
Hydrolysis	Large molecules breakdown	1-3 days	Simple sugars, amino acids
Acidogenesis	Acid formation	3-7 days	Organic acids, alcohols
Methanogenesis	Methane production	15-30 days	CH₄ (60%), CO₂ (40%)

Operating Conditions:

Temperature: 30-40°C (mesophilic)
pH: 6.8-7.2 (neutral)
C:N ratio: 25-30:1 optimal
Retention time: 20-30 days

Applications:

Cooking: Clean burning fuel
Lighting: Gas lamps
Heating: Space and water heating
Electricity: Generator sets

Advantages:

Renewable energy: Sustainable fuel source
Waste management: Organic waste disposal
Fertilizer production: Nutrient-rich slurry
Environmental benefits: Reduces greenhouse gases

Mnemonic: "BIGHM" - Biological, Input, Gas, Holder, Methane

Question 3(a OR) [03 marks]

List the advantages of flat plate collector.

Answer:

Table: Flat Plate Collector Advantages

Category	Advantages
Technical	Simple design, no moving parts, low maintenance
Economic	Low cost, mass production possible
Operational	Works with diffuse light, handles both direct and indirect radiation
Durability	Long life (15-20 years), weather resistant
Versatility	Multiple applications, modular installation

Key Benefits:

Reliability: No complex mechanisms or controls required
Efficiency: 40-60% thermal efficiency in optimal conditions
Installation: Easy mounting on roofs or ground

Mnemonic: "TEODV" - Technical, Economic, Operational, Durability, Versatility

Question 3(b OR) [04 marks]

What is wind farm? List its advantages.

Answer:

Definition: Wind farm is a group of wind turbines installed in the same location for commercial electricity generation, connected to electrical grid through transmission lines.

Table: Wind Farm Advantages

Category	Advantages
Environmental	Clean energy, zero emissions, reduces carbon footprint
Economic	Job creation, low operating costs, revenue for landowners
Technical	Scalable capacity, grid stability, energy independence
Social	Rural development, community benefits, educational opportunities

Specific Benefits:

Land use efficiency: Farming can continue between turbines
Quick installation: Faster than conventional power plants
Predictable costs: Fixed fuel cost (wind is free)
Modular expansion: Capacity can be increased incrementally

Applications:

Onshore: Land-based installations
Offshore: Ocean-based for higher wind speeds
Distributed: Small-scale community projects

Mnemonic: "ECTS" - Environmental, Economic, Technical, Social benefits

Question 3(c OR) [07 marks]

Explain in brief (1) Geothermal energy (2) Tidal energy

Answer:

(1) Geothermal Energy:

Geothermal energy harnesses heat from Earth's interior for electricity generation and direct heating applications.

Table: Geothermal Energy Systems

Type	Temperature	Applications
High Temperature	>150°C	Electricity generation
Medium Temperature	90-150°C	Direct heating, cooling
Low Temperature	<90°C	Heat pumps, agriculture

Working Principle:

Heat source: Radioactive decay in Earth's core
Extraction: Wells drilled to access hot water/steam
Conversion: Steam drives turbines for electricity
Reinjection: Water returned to reservoir

(2) Tidal Energy:

Tidal energy converts kinetic and potential energy of ocean tides into electricity using predictable tidal movements.

Table: Tidal Energy Technologies

Technology	Principle	Installation
Tidal Barrage	Potential energy of tidal range	Dam across estuary
Tidal Stream	Kinetic energy of tidal currents	Underwater turbines
Tidal Lagoon	Artificial impoundment	Breakwater construction

Advantages: Geothermal: Baseload power, low emissions, small footprint, reliable Tidal: Predictable, high energy density, long lifespan, no fuel costs

Challenges: Geothermal: Location specific, high initial cost, induced seismicity Tidal: High capital cost, environmental impact, limited locations

Mnemonic: "GT-POWER" - Geothermal Temperature, Tidal Predictable Ocean Water Energy Resource

Question 4(a) [03 marks]

Explain Need of Renewable energy.

Answer:

Table: Need for Renewable Energy

Driver	Reasons
Environmental	Climate change mitigation, reduced pollution
Economic	Energy security, price stability, job creation
Technical	Depleting fossil fuels, technological advancement
Social	Rural development, health benefits, energy access

Key Needs:

Climate commitments: Meet Paris Agreement targets
Energy independence: Reduce import dependence
Sustainable development: Long-term energy security

Mnemonic: "EETS" - Environmental, Economic, Technical, Social needs

Question 4(b) [04 marks]

Explain Depletion of ozone layer.

Answer:

Ozone layer depletion is the reduction of ozone concentration in stratosphere due to human-made chemicals, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Table: Ozone Depletion Process

Stage	Process	Chemical Reaction
CFC Release	Industrial emissions	CFCs rise to stratosphere
UV Breakdown	Photodissociation	CFC + UV → Cl + other products
Ozone Destruction	Catalytic cycle	Cl + O₃ → ClO + O₂
Chain Reaction	Continuous process	ClO + O → Cl + O₂

Causes:

Primary: CFCs, halons, methyl bromide
Secondary: HCFCs, nitrous oxide, carbon tetrachloride

Effects:

Increased UV-B radiation: Skin cancer, cataracts
Environmental impact: Reduced crop yields, marine ecosystem damage
Climate effects: Altered atmospheric circulation

Solutions:

Montreal Protocol: International agreement (1987)
CFC phase-out: Replacement with ozone-friendly alternatives
HCFC transition: Temporary substitutes being phased out

Mnemonic: "CURE" - CFCs, UV, Reactions, Effects

Question 4(c) [07 marks]

Explain: (1) Greenhouse effect (2) climate change management

Answer:

(1) Greenhouse Effect:

Natural process where certain atmospheric gases trap heat from sun, maintaining Earth's temperature suitable for life.

Diagram: Greenhouse Effect

flowchart LR
    A[Solar Radiation] --> B[Earth's Surface]
    B --> C[Heat Radiation]
    C --> D[Greenhouse Gases]
    D --> E[Heat Trapped]
    E --> F[Re-radiated to Earth]
    F --> B

Table: Greenhouse Gases

Gas	Sources	Contribution	Lifetime
CO₂	Fossil fuels, deforestation	76%	300-1000 years
CH₄	Agriculture, landfills	16%	12 years
N₂O	Fertilizers, combustion	6%	120 years
F-gases	Industrial processes	2%	Varies

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect:

Cause: Increased GHG concentrations from human activities
Result: Global temperature rise, climate change
Feedback loops: Amplify warming effects

(2) Climate Change Management:

Comprehensive approach to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Table: Climate Change Management Strategies

Strategy	Approach	Examples
Mitigation	Reduce GHG emissions	Renewable energy, energy efficiency
Adaptation	Adjust to climate impacts	Sea walls, drought-resistant crops
Technology	Innovation solutions	Carbon capture, smart grids
Policy	Regulatory frameworks	Carbon pricing, emissions standards
International	Global cooperation	Paris Agreement, climate finance

Mitigation Measures:

Energy sector: Renewable energy deployment, efficiency improvements
Transport: Electric vehicles, public transport, biofuels
Industry: Process optimization, low-carbon technologies
Buildings: Green construction, smart systems
Agriculture: Sustainable practices, reduced emissions

Adaptation Measures:

Infrastructure: Climate-resilient design, flood protection
Ecosystem: Conservation, restoration, corridors
Water resources: Efficient use, storage, quality management
Health: Disease surveillance, heat wave preparedness

Management Framework:

Assessment: Climate risk and vulnerability analysis
Planning: Integrated strategies and action plans
Implementation: Project execution and monitoring
Evaluation: Performance assessment and adjustment

Mnemonic: "GEMMA" - Gases, Enhanced, Mitigation, Management, Adaptation

Question 4(a OR) [03 marks]

Discuss Factors affecting climate change.

Answer:

Table: Climate Change Factors

Factor Type	Examples	Impact
Natural	Solar variations, volcanic eruptions	Minor influence
Anthropogenic	GHG emissions, land use change	Major driver
Feedback	Ice-albedo, water vapor	Amplification

Key Factors:

Greenhouse gas concentrations: Primary driver of warming
Aerosols: Cooling effect, masks some warming
Land use changes: Deforestation, urbanization effects

Mnemonic: "NAF" - Natural, Anthropogenic, Feedback factors

Question 4(b OR) [04 marks]

Explain climate change.

Answer:

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities since mid-20th century.

Table: Climate Change Indicators

Indicator	Observed Changes	Trend
Temperature	+1.1°C since 1880	Rising
Sea Level	21-24 cm since 1880	Rising
Arctic Ice	13% per decade loss	Declining
Precipitation	Regional variations	Changing patterns

Causes:

Primary: Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels
Secondary: Deforestation, industrial processes, agriculture

Impacts:

Physical: Extreme weather, sea level rise, ice loss
Biological: Species migration, ecosystem disruption
Human: Food security, water resources, health

Evidence:

Temperature records: Global warming trend
Ice core data: Historical CO₂ levels
Satellite observations: Ice sheet changes

Mnemonic: "CHIP" - Causes, Human impacts, Indicators, Physical evidence

Question 4(c OR) [07 marks]

Write short note on Global warming.

Answer:

Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to enhanced greenhouse effect from human activities.

Table: Global Warming Components

Aspect	Details	Impact
Definition	Increase in global average temperature	+1.1°C since pre-industrial
Primary Cause	CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels	410+ ppm atmospheric CO₂
Timeline	Accelerated since 1950s	Fastest warming in 10,000 years
Regional Variation	Arctic warming 2x global average	Polar amplification

Causes of Global Warming:

Table: Emission Sources

Sector	Contribution	Main Activities
Energy	73%	Electricity, heat, transport
Agriculture	18%	Livestock, rice cultivation
Industrial	5%	Cement, steel, chemicals
Waste	3%	Landfills, wastewater
Land Use	1%	Deforestation, development

Consequences:

Physical impacts: Sea level rise, glacier retreat, permafrost thaw
Weather patterns: More frequent heatwaves, altered precipitation
Ecosystem effects: Species extinction, habitat loss, coral bleaching
Human impacts: Agricultural disruption, water scarcity, health risks

Feedback Mechanisms:

Ice-albedo feedback: Less ice → more heat absorption
Water vapor feedback: Warmer air holds more moisture
Permafrost feedback: Thawing releases stored carbon

Solutions:

Mitigation: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Renewable energy: Solar, wind, hydroelectric power
Energy efficiency: Buildings, transport, industry
Carbon sequestration: Forests, soil, technological capture
Policy measures: Carbon pricing, regulations, incentives

International Response:

UNFCCC: Framework Convention on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol: First binding emission reduction agreement
Paris Agreement: Current global climate accord (2015)
IPCC Reports: Scientific assessment and guidance

Future Projections:

Temperature rise: 1.5-4.5°C by 2100 depending on emissions
Sea level rise: 0.43-2.84 m by 2100
Tipping points: Irreversible changes in climate system

Mnemonic: "GWCF" - Global Warming Causes Consequences Feedback

Question 5(a) [03 marks]

Explain the concept of "Eco Tourism"

Answer:

Eco-tourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves environment, sustains well-being of local people, and involves interpretation and education.

Table: Eco-tourism Principles

Principle	Description
Conservation	Protect natural habitats and wildlife
Community	Benefit local communities economically
Education	Environmental awareness and learning
Sustainability	Long-term environmental protection
Responsibility	Minimize negative impacts

Nature-based: Focus on natural environments
Low-impact: Minimal environmental disturbance
Cultural respect: Value local traditions and customs

Mnemonic: "ECERS" - Environment, Community, Education, Responsibility, Sustainability

Question 5(b) [04 marks]

Comparison of conventional and nonconventional energy source.

Answer:

Table: Conventional vs Non-conventional Energy Sources

Parameter	Conventional	Non-conventional
Examples	Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear	Solar, wind, hydro, biomass
Availability	Limited reserves	Abundant and renewable
Environmental Impact	High pollution, CO₂ emissions	Clean, minimal emissions
Cost	Initially lower, rising prices	High initial, decreasing costs
Technology	Mature, established	Developing, improving
Reliability	Consistent supply	Weather dependent
Infrastructure	Well-established	Requires development
Depletion	Exhaustible resources	Inexhaustible sources

Advantages: Conventional: Reliable supply, established infrastructure, high energy density Non-conventional: Sustainable, clean, job creation, energy independence

Challenges: Conventional: Environmental damage, price volatility, finite resources Non-conventional: Intermittency, storage needs, initial investment

Mnemonic: "CATERED" - Conventional Available Technology Established Reliable Environmental Depletion

Question 5(c) [07 marks]

Explain (1) The water Act, 1974 (2) The Environment Act, 1986

Answer:

(1) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974:

Comprehensive legislation to prevent and control water pollution and maintain/restore wholesomeness of water in India.

Table: Water Act 1974 - Key Provisions

Aspect	Details
Objective	Prevent and control water pollution
Authority	Central and State Pollution Control Boards
Coverage	All water bodies - rivers, streams, wells, groundwater
Penalties	Fines and imprisonment for violations

Key Features:

Pollution Control Boards: Establishment at central and state levels
Consent mechanism: No-objection certificates for industries
Standards: Water quality standards and effluent discharge limits
Monitoring: Regular inspection and sampling of water bodies
Emergency provisions: Power to handle pollution emergencies

Powers of Boards:

Planning: Pollution prevention and control programs
Standard setting: Water quality and discharge standards
Consent granting: Permission for waste discharge
Monitoring: Water quality surveillance
Enforcement: Legal action against violators

(2) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:

Umbrella legislation providing framework for environmental protection and improvement in India, enacted after Bhopal gas tragedy.

Table: Environment Act 1986 - Key Provisions

Aspect	Details
Objective	Comprehensive environmental protection
Scope	Air, water, land pollution and hazardous substances
Authority	Central Government and designated agencies
Penalties	Imprisonment up to 5 years and/or fine up to ₹1 lakh

Key Features:

General powers: Central government authority for environmental protection
Standards: Environmental quality standards for air, water, soil
Impact assessment: Environmental clearance for projects
Hazardous substances: Regulation of handling and disposal
Public participation: Right to information and participation

Important Rules:

EIA Notification 2006: Environmental Impact Assessment
Hazardous Waste Rules: Management and handling
Noise Pollution Rules: Ambient noise standards
Coastal Regulation Zone: Coastal area protection

Comparison:

Table: Water Act vs Environment Act

Aspect	Water Act 1974	Environment Act 1986
Scope	Water pollution only	All environmental media
Approach	Sectoral	Comprehensive
Implementation	PCBs	Central Government
Penalties	Moderate	Stringent

Enforcement Mechanisms:

Monitoring: Regular inspection and compliance checking
Legal action: Prosecution of violators
Closure orders: Shutting down polluting units
Compensation: Environmental damage assessment

Mnemonic: "WEPCA" - Water Environmental Protection Comprehensive Act

Question 5(a OR) [03 marks]

Explain the concept "Carbon Credit"

Answer:

Carbon credit is a tradeable certificate representing one tonne of CO₂ equivalent reduced or removed from atmosphere through emission reduction or carbon sequestration projects.

Table: Carbon Credit Mechanism

Component	Description
Unit	1 credit = 1 tonne CO₂ equivalent
Generation	Emission reduction/removal projects
Trading	Buy/sell in carbon markets
Verification	Third-party validation required

CDM: Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol
Voluntary markets: Private sector initiatives
Compliance markets: Regulatory requirements

Mnemonic: "CUTV" - Credit Unit Trading Verification

Question 5(b OR) [04 marks]

Explain in brief "Solid waste Management"

Answer:

Solid waste management is systematic collection, transport, processing, recycling, and disposal of solid materials discarded by human activities.

Table: Solid Waste Management Hierarchy

Priority	Method	Description
1st	Reduce	Minimize waste generation
2nd	Reuse	Use items multiple times
3rd	Recycle	Convert waste to new products
4th	Recovery	Energy recovery from waste
5th	Disposal	Safe landfilling

Management Process:

Collection: Door-to-door pickup, segregation at source
Transportation: Transfer stations, bulk transport
Treatment: Composting, recycling, incineration
Disposal: Sanitary landfills, waste-to-energy

Technologies:

Composting: Organic waste decomposition
Incineration: High-temperature burning with energy recovery
Anaerobic digestion: Biogas production from organic waste
Material recovery: Separation and recycling of materials

Challenges:

Increasing quantities: Population and consumption growth
Mixed waste: Lack of source segregation
Infrastructure: Inadequate collection and treatment facilities
Financing: High capital and operational costs

Mnemonic: "CTTD" - Collection, Transportation, Treatment, Disposal

Question 5(c OR) [07 marks]

Explain the concept of "5R"

Answer:

The 5R concept is a comprehensive waste management hierarchy that promotes sustainable consumption and waste reduction through five interconnected strategies.

Table: 5R Waste Management Hierarchy

R	Strategy	Definition	Examples
1. Refuse	Reject unnecessary items	Avoid products that create waste	Say no to plastic bags, disposable items
2. Reduce	Minimize consumption	Use less of resources	Buy only needed items, choose durable products
3. Reuse	Use items multiple times	Extend product lifespan	Repurpose containers, donate old clothes
4. Repurpose	Creative alternative uses	Transform waste into useful items	Convert bottles to planters, tires to swings
5. Recycle	Process waste into new products	Material recovery and reprocessing	Paper, plastic, metal recycling

Detailed Explanation:

1. Refuse:

Concept: First line of defense against waste
Implementation: Consumer choice and awareness
Impact: Prevents waste generation at source
Examples: Refusing single-use plastics, unnecessary packaging

2. Reduce:

Concept: Minimize resource consumption and waste generation
Strategies: Efficient use, durability focus, sharing economy
Benefits: Lower environmental footprint, cost savings
Applications: Energy efficiency, water conservation, minimal packaging

3. Reuse:

Concept: Extend product life without reprocessing
Methods: Direct reuse, repair and maintenance, redistribution
Advantages: Energy savings, economic benefits, creativity
Examples: Glass jars for storage, furniture restoration

4. Repurpose:

Concept: Creative transformation for different functions
Innovation: Design thinking and creativity
Community aspect: Maker spaces, DIY culture
Environmental benefit: Waste diversion from landfills

5. Recycle:

Concept: Material recovery and reprocessing
Types: Mechanical, chemical, biological recycling
Infrastructure: Collection, sorting, processing facilities
Markets: End-use applications for recycled materials

Implementation Framework:

Table: 5R Implementation Levels

Level	Stakeholders	Actions	Outcomes
Individual	Consumers, households	Conscious choices, lifestyle changes	Reduced personal footprint
Community	Neighborhoods, schools	Local programs, awareness campaigns	Community engagement
Business	Companies, industries	Circular economy, sustainable design	Resource efficiency
Government	Policy makers, regulators	Regulations, incentives, infrastructure	System-wide change

Benefits of 5R Approach:

Environmental: Reduced pollution, resource conservation, climate protection
Economic: Cost savings, job creation, new business opportunities
Social: Community engagement, education, behavioral change
Resource security: Reduced dependence on virgin materials

Challenges:

Consumer behavior: Changing established habits and preferences
Infrastructure: Adequate collection and processing facilities
Economics: Market viability of recycled products
Policy support: Regulatory framework and incentives

Success Factors:

Education: Awareness and capacity building programs
Infrastructure: Adequate waste management systems
Policy: Supportive regulations and economic instruments
Technology: Innovation in waste processing and product design
Collaboration: Multi-stakeholder partnerships

Circular Economy Connection: The 5R concept forms the foundation of circular economy principles, where waste becomes input for new production cycles, minimizing resource extraction and environmental impact.

Measurement and Monitoring:

Waste reduction metrics: Quantity diverted from disposal
Material recovery rates: Percentage of waste recycled/reused
Environmental indicators: Carbon footprint, resource consumption
Economic metrics: Cost savings, job creation, revenue generation

Global Examples:

Zero Waste Cities: San Francisco, Ljubljana, Kamikatsu
Extended Producer Responsibility: EU packaging regulations
Deposit Systems: Bottle return programs in Germany, Canada
Sharing Economy: Tool libraries, clothing swaps, repair cafes

Future Directions:

Digital platforms: Apps for waste reduction and sharing
Advanced recycling: Chemical recycling, AI-powered sorting
Bioplastics: Biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics
Policy evolution: Right to repair, extended producer responsibility

Mnemonic: "R5-POWER" - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle - Protect Our World's Environmental Resources