Question 1(a) [3 marks]

Define Problem Solving, Algorithm and Pseudo Code.

Answer:

Term	Definition
Problem Solving	Systematic process of finding solutions to complex issues using logical thinking
Algorithm	Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem with finite operations
Pseudo Code	Informal description of program logic using plain English-like syntax

Problem Solving: Breaking down complex problems into manageable steps
Algorithm: Must be finite, definite, effective, and produce correct output
Pseudo Code: Bridge between human language and programming code

Mnemonic: "PAP - Problem, Algorithm, Pseudo"

Question 1(b) [4 marks]

Explain various Flowchart Symbols. Design a Flowchart to find maximum number out of two given numbers

Answer:

Symbol	Shape	Purpose
Oval	⬭	Start/End
Rectangle	▭	Process/Action
Diamond	◊	Decision
Parallelogram	▱	Input/Output

Flowchart for Maximum of Two Numbers:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input A, B/]
    B --> C{A > B?}
    C -->|Yes| D[Max = A]
    C -->|No| E[Max = B]
    D --> F[/Display Max/]
    E --> F
    F --> G([End])

Start/End: Entry and exit points
Input/Output: Data flow operations
Decision: Conditional branching
Process: Computational steps

Mnemonic: "SIPO - Start, Input, Process, Output"

Question 1(c) [7 marks]

List out various arithmetic operators of python. Write Python Code that performs various arithmetic operations.

Answer:

Operator	Symbol	Example	Result
Addition	+	5 + 3	8
Subtraction	-	5 - 3	2
Multiplication	*	5 * 3	15
Division	/	5 / 3	1.667
Floor Division	//	5 // 3	1
Modulus	%	5 % 3	2
Exponentiation	**	5 ** 3	125

Code:

a = 10
b = 3
print(f"Addition: {a + b}")
print(f"Subtraction: {a - b}")
print(f"Multiplication: {a * b}")
print(f"Division: {a / b}")
print(f"Floor Division: {a // b}")
print(f"Modulus: {a % b}")
print(f"Power: {a ** b}")

Mnemonic: "Add-Sub-Mul-Div-Floor-Mod-Pow"

Question 1(c OR) [7 marks]

List out various comparison operators of python. Write Python Code which performs various comparison operations.

Answer:

Operator	Symbol	Purpose	Example
Equal	==	Check equality	5 == 3 → False
Not Equal	!=	Check inequality	5 != 3 → True
Greater Than	>	Check greater	5 > 3 → True
Less Than	<	Check smaller	5 < 3 → False
Greater Equal	>=	Check greater/equal	5 >= 3 → True
Less Equal	<=	Check smaller/equal	5 <= 3 → False

Code:

x = 8
y = 5
print(f"Equal: {x == y}")
print(f"Not Equal: {x != y}")
print(f"Greater: {x > y}")
print(f"Less: {x < y}")
print(f"Greater Equal: {x >= y}")
print(f"Less Equal: {x <= y}")

Mnemonic: "Equal-Not-Greater-Less-GreaterEqual-LessEqual"

Question 2(a) [3 marks]

Write short note on membership operators.

Answer:

Operator	Purpose	Example
in	Check if element exists	'a' in 'apple' → True
not in	Check if element doesn't exist	'z' not in 'apple' → True

in operator: Returns True if element found in sequence
not in operator: Returns True if element not found in sequence
Usage: Lists, strings, tuples, dictionaries

Mnemonic: "In-Not-In for membership testing"

Question 2(b) [4 marks]

Define Python. Write down various applications of Python Programming.

Answer:

Python Definition: High-level, interpreted programming language known for simplicity and readability.

Application Area	Examples
Web Development	Django, Flask frameworks
Data Science	NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib
AI/ML	TensorFlow, Scikit-learn
Desktop Apps	Tkinter, PyQt
Game Development	Pygame library

Interpreted: No compilation needed
Cross-platform: Runs on multiple OS
Large libraries: Extensive standard library

Mnemonic: "Web-Data-AI-Desktop-Games"

Question 2(c) [7 marks]

Write python program which calculates electricity bill using following details.

Answer:

Table of Rates:

Unit Range	Rate per Unit
≤ 100	Rs 5.00
101-200	Rs 7.50
201-300	Rs 10.00
≥ 301	Rs 15.00

Code:

units = int(input("Enter consumed units: "))

if units <= 100:
    bill = units * 5.00
elif units <= 200:
    bill = units * 7.50
elif units <= 300:
    bill = units * 10.00
else:
    bill = units * 15.00

print(f"Total Bill: Rs {bill}")

Conditional logic: if-elif-else structure
Rate calculation: Based on unit slabs
User input: Interactive billing system

Mnemonic: "Input-Check-Calculate-Display"

Question 2(a OR) [3 marks]

Write short note on identity operators.

Answer:

Operator	Purpose	Example
is	Check same object	a is b
is not	Check different object	a is not b

is operator: Compares object identity, not values
is not operator: Checks if objects are different
Memory comparison: Checks same memory location

Mnemonic: "Is-IsNot for object identity"

Question 2(b OR) [4 marks]

What is indentation in Python? Explain various features of Python.

Answer:

Indentation: Whitespace at line beginning to define code blocks.

Feature	Description
Simple Syntax	Easy to read and write
Interpreted	No compilation step
Object-Oriented	Supports OOP concepts
Cross-Platform	Runs on multiple OS
Large Library	Extensive standard library

Indentation: Replaces curly braces {}
Consistent: Usually 4 spaces per level
Mandatory: Creates code structure

Mnemonic: "Simple-Interpreted-Object-Cross-Large"

Question 2(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a python program that calculates Student's class/grade using following details.

Answer:

Grading Table:

Percentage	Grade
≥ 70	Distinction
60-69	First Class
50-59	Second Class
35-49	Pass Class
< 35	Fail

Code:

percentage = float(input("Enter percentage: "))

if percentage >= 70:
    grade = "Distinction"
elif percentage >= 60:
    grade = "First Class"
elif percentage >= 50:
    grade = "Second Class"
elif percentage >= 35:
    grade = "Pass Class"
else:
    grade = "Fail"

print(f"Grade: {grade}")

Multiple conditions: Nested if-elif structure
Grade assignment: Based on percentage ranges
Float input: Handles decimal percentages

Mnemonic: "Distinction-First-Second-Pass-Fail"

Question 3(a) [3 marks]

What is Selection Control Statement? List it out.

Answer:

Statement Type	Purpose
if	Single condition check
if-else	Two-way branching
if-elif-else	Multi-way branching
nested if	Conditions within conditions

Selection statements: Control program flow based on conditions
Boolean evaluation: Uses True/False logic
Branching: Different paths of execution

Mnemonic: "If-IfElse-IfElif-Nested"

Question 3(b) [4 marks]

Write short note on nested loops.

Answer:

Loop Type	Structure
Outer Loop	Controls iterations
Inner Loop	Executes completely for each outer iteration
Total Iterations	Outer × Inner

Nested structure: Loop inside another loop
Complete execution: Inner loop finishes before outer continues
Pattern creation: Useful for 2D structures

Code Example:

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print(f"i={i}, j={j}")

Mnemonic: "Outer-Inner-Complete-Pattern"

Question 3(c) [7 marks]

Write a user-define function that displays all numbers, which are divisible by 4 from 1 to 100.

Answer:

Code:

def display_divisible_by_4():
    print("Numbers divisible by 4 from 1 to 100:")
    for num in range(1, 101):
        if num % 4 == 0:
            print(num, end=" ")
    print()

# Function call
display_divisible_by_4()

Alternative with return:

def get_divisible_by_4():
    return [num for num in range(1, 101) if num % 4 == 0]

result = get_divisible_by_4()
print(result)

Function definition: def keyword usage
Range function: 1 to 100 iteration
Modulus check: num % 4 == 0 condition
List comprehension: Alternative approach

Mnemonic: "Define-Range-Check-Display"

Question 3(a OR) [3 marks]

What is Repetition Control Statement? List it out.

Answer:

Statement Type	Purpose
for loop	Known number of iterations
while loop	Condition-based repetition
nested loop	Loop within loop

Repetition statements: Execute code blocks repeatedly
Iteration control: Different methods of looping
Loop variables: Track iteration progress

Mnemonic: "For-While-Nested"

Question 3(b OR) [4 marks]

Differentiate break and continue statements.

Answer:

Aspect	break	continue
Purpose	Exit loop completely	Skip current iteration
Execution	Jumps out of loop	Jumps to next iteration
Usage	Terminate loop early	Skip specific conditions
Effect	Loop ends	Loop continues

Code Example:

# break example
for i in range(5):
    if i == 3:
        break
    print(i)  # Output: 0, 1, 2

# continue example  
for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)  # Output: 0, 1, 3, 4

Mnemonic: "Break-Exit, Continue-Skip"

Question 3(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a user-define function which displays all even numbers from 1 to 100.

Answer:

Code:

def display_even_numbers():
    print("Even numbers from 1 to 100:")
    for num in range(2, 101, 2):
        print(num, end=" ")
    print()

# Alternative method
def display_even_alt():
    even_nums = []
    for num in range(1, 101):
        if num % 2 == 0:
            even_nums.append(num)
    print(even_nums)

# Function call
display_even_numbers()

Efficient range: range(2, 101, 2) for even numbers
Modulus method: Alternative checking with % 2 == 0
Function design: Reusable code block

Mnemonic: "Range-Step-Even-Display"

Question 4(a) [3 marks]

Define Function. List out various types of Functions available in Python.

Answer:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs specific task.

Function Type	Description
Built-in	Pre-defined functions (print, len)
User-defined	Created by programmer
Lambda	Anonymous single-line functions
Recursive	Functions calling themselves

Code reusability: Write once, use many times
Modularity: Breaking complex problems into smaller parts
Parameters: Input values to functions

Mnemonic: "Built-User-Lambda-Recursive"

Question 4(b) [4 marks]

Write short note on Scope of a variable.

Answer:

Scope Type	Description	Example
Local	Inside function only	Function variables
Global	Throughout program	Module-level variables
Built-in	Python keywords	print, len, type

Code Example:

x = 10  # Global variable

def my_function():
    y = 20  # Local variable
    print(x)  # Access global
    print(y)  # Access local

my_function()
# print(y)  # Error: y not accessible

Variable accessibility: Where variables can be used
LEGB rule: Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-in

Mnemonic: "Local-Global-Builtin"

Question 4(c) [7 marks]

Write Python code which asks user for Main string and Substring and checks membership of a Substring in the Main String.

Answer:

Code:

def check_substring():
    main_string = input("Enter main string: ")
    substring = input("Enter substring: ")
    
    if substring in main_string:
        print(f"'{substring}' found in '{main_string}'")
        print(f"Position: {main_string.find(substring)}")
    else:
        print(f"'{substring}' not found in '{main_string}'")

# Enhanced version with case handling
def check_substring_enhanced():
    main_string = input("Enter main string: ")
    substring = input("Enter substring: ")
    
    if substring.lower() in main_string.lower():
        print("Substring found (case-insensitive)")
    else:
        print("Substring not found")

check_substring()

User interaction: input() for string collection
Membership testing: 'in' operator usage
Case sensitivity: Optional case handling

Mnemonic: "Input-Check-Report-Position"

Question 4(a OR) [3 marks]

What is Local variable and Global variable?

Answer:

Variable Type	Scope	Lifetime	Access
Local	Function only	Function execution	Limited
Global	Entire program	Program execution	Widespread

Example:

global_var = 100  # Global

def function():
    local_var = 50  # Local
    print(global_var)  # ✓ Accessible
    print(local_var)   # ✓ Accessible

print(global_var)  # ✓ Accessible
# print(local_var)  # ✗ Error

Local variables: Created inside functions
Global variables: Created outside functions

Mnemonic: "Local-Limited, Global-Everywhere"

Question 4(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain any four built-in functions of Python.

Answer:

Function	Purpose	Example
len()	Returns length	len("hello") → 5
type()	Returns data type	type(10) → <class 'int'>
input()	Gets user input	name = input("Name: ")
print()	Displays output	print("Hello")

Additional Examples:

# len() function
print(len([1, 2, 3, 4]))  # Output: 4

# type() function  
print(type(3.14))  # Output: <class 'float'>

# input() function
age = input("Enter age: ")

# print() function
print("Your age is:", age)

Mnemonic: "Length-Type-Input-Print"

Question 4(c OR) [7 marks]

Write Python code which locates a substring in a given string.

Answer:

Code:

def locate_substring():
    main_string = input("Enter main string: ")
    substring = input("Enter substring to find: ")
    
    # Method 1: Using find()
    position = main_string.find(substring)
    if position != -1:
        print(f"Found at index: {position}")
    else:
        print("Substring not found")
    
    # Method 2: Using index() with exception handling
    try:
        position = main_string.index(substring)
        print(f"Located at index: {position}")
    except ValueError:
        print("Substring not found")
    
    # Method 3: Find all occurrences
    positions = []
    start = 0
    while True:
        pos = main_string.find(substring, start)
        if pos == -1:
            break
        positions.append(pos)
        start = pos + 1
    
    if positions:
        print(f"All positions: {positions}")

locate_substring()

find() method: Returns index or -1
index() method: Returns index or raises exception
Multiple occurrences: Loop to find all positions

Mnemonic: "Find-Index-Exception-Multiple"

Question 5(a) [3 marks]

Define String. List out various string operations.

Answer:

String: Sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.

Operation	Method	Example
Concatenation	+	"Hello" + "World"
Repetition	*	"Hi" * 3
Slicing	[start:end]	"Hello"[1:4]
Length	len()	len("Hello")
Case	upper(), lower()	"hello".upper()

Immutable: Strings cannot be changed after creation
Indexing: Access individual characters
Methods: Built-in functions for manipulation

Mnemonic: "Concat-Repeat-Slice-Length-Case"

Question 5(b) [4 marks]

How can we identify whether an element is a member of a list or not? Explain with a suitable example.

Answer:

Method	Operator	Returns
in	element in list	True/False
not in	element not in list	True/False
count()	list.count(element)	Number of occurrences

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "mango"]

# Using 'in' operator
if "apple" in fruits:
    print("Apple is available")

# Using 'not in' operator  
if "grapes" not in fruits:
    print("Grapes not available")

# Using count() method
count = fruits.count("apple")
if count > 0:
    print(f"Apple found {count} times")

Boolean result: True if found, False otherwise
Case sensitive: "Apple" ≠ "apple"
Efficiency: 'in' operator is most common

Mnemonic: "In-NotIn-Count for membership"

Question 5(c) [7 marks]

Write Python code that replaces a substring with another substring of a given string. Consider the given string as 'Welcome to GTU' and replace the substring 'GTU' with 'Gujarat Technological University'.

Answer:

Code:

def replace_substring():
    # Given string
    original = "Welcome to GTU"
    old_substring = "GTU"
    new_substring = "Gujarat Technological University"
    
    # Method 1: Using replace()
    result1 = original.replace(old_substring, new_substring)
    print(f"Original: {original}")
    print(f"Modified: {result1}")
    
    # Method 2: Manual replacement
    if old_substring in original:
        index = original.find(old_substring)
        result2 = original[:index] + new_substring + original[index + len(old_substring):]
        print(f"Manual method: {result2}")
    
    # Method 3: Replace all occurrences
    test_string = "GTU offers GTU degree from GTU"
    result3 = test_string.replace("GTU", "Gujarat Technological University")
    print(f"Multiple replacements: {result3}")

replace_substring()

Output:

Original: Welcome to GTU
Modified: Welcome to Gujarat Technological University

replace() method: Built-in string function
Slicing method: Manual string manipulation
All occurrences: Replaces every instance

Mnemonic: "Find-Replace-Slice-All"

Question 5(a OR) [3 marks]

Define List. List out various list operations.

Answer:

List: Ordered collection of items that can be modified.

Operation	Method	Example
Add	append(), insert()	list.append(item)
Remove	remove(), pop()	list.remove(item)
Access	[index]	list[0]
Slice	[start:end]	list[1:3]
Sort	sort()	list.sort()

Mutable: Lists can be changed after creation
Indexed: Elements accessed by position
Dynamic: Size can grow or shrink

Mnemonic: "Add-Remove-Access-Slice-Sort"

Question 5(b OR) [4 marks]

Write short note on String Slicing. Explain with suitable example.

Answer:

String Slicing: Extracting parts of string using [start:end:step].

Syntax	Description	Example
[start:]	From start to end	"Hello"[1:] → "ello"
[:end]	From beginning to end	"Hello"[:3] → "Hel"
[start:end]	Specific range	"Hello"[1:4] → "ell"
[::-1]	Reverse string	"Hello"[::-1] → "olleH"

Example:

text = "Python Programming"

print(text[0:6])    # "Python"
print(text[7:])     # "Programming"  
print(text[:6])     # "Python"
print(text[::2])    # "Pto rgamn"
print(text[::-1])   # "gnimmargorP nohtyP"

Negative indexing: -1 for last character
Step parameter: Controls increment

Mnemonic: "Start-End-Step for slicing"

Question 5(c OR) [7 marks]

Write Python code which counts the number of times the specified element appears in the list.

Answer:

Code:

def count_element_occurrences():
    # Create a sample list
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5, 2, 6]
    element = int(input("Enter element to count: "))
    
    # Method 1: Using count() method
    count1 = numbers.count(element)
    print(f"Using count(): {element} appears {count1} times")
    
    # Method 2: Manual counting
    count2 = 0
    for num in numbers:
        if num == element:
            count2 += 1
    print(f"Manual count: {element} appears {count2} times")
    
    # Method 3: List comprehension
    count3 = len([x for x in numbers if x == element])
    print(f"List comprehension: {element} appears {count3} times")
    
    # Method 4: For any type of list
    mixed_list = [1, "hello", 3.14, "hello", True, "hello"]
    element_str = input("Enter element to search in mixed list: ")
    count4 = mixed_list.count(element_str)
    print(f"In mixed list: '{element_str}' appears {count4} times")

count_element_occurrences()

count() method: Built-in list function
Manual iteration: Using loops for counting
List comprehension: Pythonic way of counting
Type flexibility: Works with any data type

Mnemonic: "Count-Manual-Comprehension-Flexible"