Question 1(a) [3 marks]

Define Following Term: 1. Data 2. Information 3. Knowledge

Answer:

Table: Data, Information, and Knowledge Definitions

Term	Definition
Data	Raw facts and figures without meaning or context
Information	Processed data that has meaning and is useful
Knowledge	Information combined with experience and understanding

Data: Basic building blocks without interpretation
Information: Data processed to provide meaningful context
Knowledge: Information enhanced with human insight and wisdom

Mnemonic: "DIK - Data Is Knowledge's foundation"

Question 1(b) [4 marks]

Explain Primary Memory in brief.

Answer:

Table: Primary Memory Characteristics

Aspect	Description
Definition	Main memory that directly communicates with CPU
Access Speed	Very fast access time
Volatility	Volatile (loses data when power off)
Examples	RAM, Cache memory

RAM (Random Access Memory): Main working memory for current programs
Cache Memory: Ultra-fast memory between CPU and RAM
Volatile Nature: Data disappears when computer shuts down
Direct CPU Access: CPU can directly read/write data

Mnemonic: "Primary is Fast but Forgetful"

Question 1(c) [7 marks]

Explain types of real time OS with example.

Answer:

Table: Real-Time Operating System Types

Type	Response Time	Examples	Use Cases
Hard Real-Time	Guaranteed deadline	QNX, VxWorks	Medical devices, Aircraft
Soft Real-Time	Best effort timing	Windows RT, Linux RT	Multimedia, Gaming
Firm Real-Time	Occasional deadline miss	Embedded Linux	Industrial control

graph TD
    A[Real-Time OS] --> B[Hard Real-Time]
    A --> C[Soft Real-Time]
    A --> D[Firm Real-Time]
    B --> E[Critical Systems]
    C --> F[Multimedia Apps]
    D --> G[Industrial Control]

Hard Real-Time: Missing deadline causes system failure
Soft Real-Time: Delayed response reduces performance but system continues
Deterministic Response: Predictable timing behavior is essential

Mnemonic: "HSF - Hard, Soft, Firm timing requirements"

Question 1(c OR) [7 marks]

Describe Linux architecture and discuss the mode of the operation of Linux

Answer:

Linux Architecture Diagram:

graph LR
    A[User Applications] --> B[System Libraries]
    B --> C[System Call Interface]
    C --> D[Linux Kernel]
    D --> E[Hardware Layer]
    
    subgraph "Kernel Space"
    D
    end
    
    subgraph "User Space"
    A
    B
    C
    end

Table: Linux Operation Modes

Mode	Description	Access Level	Examples
User Mode	Restricted access	Limited privileges	Applications, user programs
Kernel Mode	Full system access	Complete control	Device drivers, OS functions

Layered Architecture: Clear separation between user and system components
Mode Switching: CPU switches between user and kernel modes
System Calls: Interface for user programs to access kernel services
Security: User mode prevents direct hardware access

Mnemonic: "LUSK - Linux Uses Safe Kernel protection"

Question 2(a) [3 marks]

Describe XOR gate with its truth table.

Answer:

XOR Gate Symbol:

    A ──┐
        │ )──── Output
    B ──┘

Truth Table:

A	B	Output (A ⊕ B)
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

Exclusive OR: Output is 1 when inputs are different
Logic Function: A ⊕ B = A'B + AB'
Applications: Half adder, parity checker, encryption

Mnemonic: "XOR - eXclusive OR gives 1 for different inputs"

Question 2(b) [4 marks]

Solve following. i) (4C6)₁₆ = ()₂ = ()₁₀ ii) (186)₁₀ = ()₈ = ()₂

Answer:

Solution Table:

Conversion	Step	Result
(4C6)₁₆	Hex to Binary	10011000110₂
	Binary to Decimal	1222₁₀
(186)₁₀	Decimal to Octal	272₈
	Decimal to Binary	10111010₂

Detailed Solutions:

i) (4C6)₁₆ = (10011000110)₂ = (1222)₁₀

4 = 0100, C = 1100, 6 = 0110
Combined: 010011000110 = 10011000110₂
Decimal: 1×2¹⁰ + 0×2⁹ + 0×2⁸ + 1×2⁷ + 1×2⁶ + 0×2⁵ + 0×2⁴ + 0×2³ + 1×2² + 1×2¹ + 0×2⁰ = 1222₁₀

ii) (186)₁₀ = (272)₈ = (10111010)₂

Octal: 186 ÷ 8 = 23 remainder 2, 23 ÷ 8 = 2 remainder 7, 2 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 2 → 272₈
Binary: 186 = 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 = 10111010₂

Mnemonic: "HDB - Hex, Decimal, Binary conversions"

Question 2(c) [7 marks]

Illustrate following OS i) Network Operating System ii) Mobile Operating System

Answer:

Table: Operating System Comparison

Feature	Network OS	Mobile OS
Purpose	Manage network resources	Mobile device management
Examples	Windows Server, Linux Server	Android, iOS, Windows Mobile
Key Features	File sharing, printer sharing	Touch interface, battery management
Users	Multiple simultaneous users	Single user typically

graph TD
    A[Network OS] --> B[File Server]
    A --> C[Print Server]
    A --> D[Application Server]
    
    E[Mobile OS] --> F[Touch Interface]
    E --> G[App Store]
    E --> H[Battery Management]

i) Network Operating System:

Multi-user Support: Handles multiple concurrent users
Resource Sharing: Files, printers, applications shared across network
Security Management: User authentication and access control

ii) Mobile Operating System:

Touch-Optimized: Designed for finger-based interaction
Power Management: Efficient battery usage
App Ecosystem: Centralized app distribution and management

Mnemonic: "NOS for Networks, MOS for Mobility"

Question 2(a OR) [3 marks]

Draw Logic circuit of OR gate and NOT gate using only NAND gate.

Answer:

OR Gate using NAND:

A ──┐  ┌─── NOT A ──┐
    │ )────────────── │
    └─┘              │ )──── A+B
B ──┐  ┌─── NOT B ──┘
    │ )──────────────
    └─┘

NOT Gate using NAND:

A ──┐
    │ )──── A'
A ──┘

Truth Verification Table:

A	B	A'	B'	(A'·B')' = A+B
0	0	1	1	0
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	1
1	1	0	0	1

NAND Universal: Can implement any logic function
De Morgan's Law: (A'·B')' = A+B

Mnemonic: "NAND is Universal - can make all gates"

Question 2(b OR) [4 marks]

i) Convert Binary number into Decimal number: (i) 11101 (ii) 10011 ii) Convert decimal number into binary number: (i) 19 (ii) 64

Answer:

Conversion Table:

Type	Number	Process	Result
Binary to Decimal	11101₂	1×2⁴+1×2³+1×2²+0×2¹+1×2⁰	29₁₀
	10011₂	1×2⁴+0×2³+0×2²+1×2¹+1×2⁰	19₁₀
Decimal to Binary	19₁₀	Division by 2 method	10011₂
	64₁₀	Division by 2 method	1000000₂

Detailed Solutions:

i) Binary to Decimal:

11101₂ = 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 29₁₀
10011₂ = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19₁₀

ii) Decimal to Binary:

19 ÷ 2 = 9 remainder 1, 9 ÷ 2 = 4 remainder 1, 4 ÷ 2 = 2 remainder 0, 2 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 0, 1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1 → 10011₂
64 ÷ 2 = 32 remainder 0... → 1000000₂

Mnemonic: "Powers of 2 for Binary to Decimal"

Question 2(c OR) [7 marks]

Explain Open-source software and Proprietary software. Give at least five examples of both the types of software.

Answer:

Table: Software Type Comparison

Aspect	Open-Source	Proprietary
Source Code	Freely available	Closed/Hidden
Cost	Usually free	Commercial license
Modification	Allowed	Restricted
Support	Community-based	Vendor support

Software Examples:

Open-Source	Proprietary
Linux	Microsoft Windows
LibreOffice	Microsoft Office
Firefox	Internet Explorer
GIMP	Adobe Photoshop
MySQL	Oracle Database

pie title Software Distribution
    "Open-Source" : 40
    "Proprietary" : 60

Open-Source Characteristics:

Freedom to Modify: Users can change source code
Community Development: Collaborative improvement
Transparency: All code is visible and auditable

Proprietary Characteristics:

Commercial Model: Revenue through licensing
Professional Support: Dedicated customer service
Quality Assurance: Rigorous testing and validation

Mnemonic: "FOSS is Free, Open, Shared, Supported by community"

Question 3(a) [3 marks]

Define 1. Modulation 2. Multiplexing

Answer:

Definition Table:

Term	Definition	Purpose
Modulation	Process of varying carrier signal properties	Enable long-distance transmission
Multiplexing	Combining multiple signals for transmission	Efficient channel utilization

Modulation: Changes amplitude, frequency, or phase of carrier wave
Multiplexing: Allows multiple users to share same communication medium
Signal Processing: Both techniques improve communication efficiency

Mnemonic: "MM - Modulation Modifies, Multiplexing Merges"

Question 3(b) [4 marks]

Explain star topology.

Answer:

Star Topology Diagram:

    Computer1
        |
Computer4──Hub──Computer2
        |
    Computer3

Table: Star Topology Features

Feature	Description
Central Device	Hub/Switch connects all nodes
Fault Tolerance	Single node failure doesn't affect others
Performance	Dedicated bandwidth per connection
Scalability	Easy to add/remove nodes

Central Hub: All communication passes through central device
Easy Troubleshooting: Problems isolated to individual connections
Higher Cost: Requires more cable than bus topology
Single Point of Failure: Hub failure affects entire network

Mnemonic: "STAR - Single point, Troubleshooting easy, All through hub, Reliable"

Question 3(c) [7 marks]

Prepare a short note on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Answer:

TDM Concept Diagram:

gantt
    title Time Division Multiplexing
    dateFormat X
    axisFormat %s
    
    section Channel A
    Slot 1    :0, 1
    Slot 4    :3, 4
    Slot 7    :6, 7
    
    section Channel B  
    Slot 2    :1, 2
    Slot 5    :4, 5
    Slot 8    :7, 8
    
    section Channel C
    Slot 3    :2, 3
    Slot 6    :5, 6
    Slot 9    :8, 9

Table: TDM Characteristics

Feature	Description
Principle	Different users allocated different time slots
Synchronization	All devices must be synchronized
Efficiency	Full bandwidth utilization when slots filled
Applications	Digital telephone systems, T1/E1 lines

TDM Types:

Synchronous TDM: Fixed time slots regardless of data availability
Asynchronous TDM: Dynamic slot allocation based on demand
Statistical TDM: Slots allocated on statistical basis

Advantages:

Fair Sharing: Equal time allocation for all users
No Signal Interference: Time-based separation prevents conflicts

Mnemonic: "TDM - Time Divides Medium fairly"

Question 3(a OR) [3 marks]

Explain Amplitude Modulation (AM).

Answer:

AM Signal Diagram:

Message Signal:    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                  
Carrier Signal:    ||||||||||||||||||||

AM Output:         |~~||~~~~||~~||||~~~|

Table: AM Characteristics

Parameter	Description
Definition	Amplitude of carrier varies with message signal
Frequency Range	535-1605 kHz (AM radio)
Bandwidth	Twice the message signal frequency

Carrier Wave: High frequency signal that carries information
Modulation Index: Determines depth of amplitude variation
Applications: AM radio broadcasting, aircraft communication

Mnemonic: "AM - Amplitude Modifies with message"

Question 3(b OR) [4 marks]

Describe DNS.

Answer:

DNS Hierarchy:

graph TD
    A[Root .] --> B[Top Level .com]
    A --> C[Top Level .org]
    B --> D[google.com]
    B --> E[microsoft.com]
    D --> F[www.google.com]
    D --> G[mail.google.com]

Table: DNS Components

Component	Function
Domain Name	Human-readable web address
IP Address	Numerical address of server
DNS Server	Translates names to IP addresses
Records	Different types (A, MX, CNAME)

Name Resolution: Converts domain names to IP addresses
Hierarchical Structure: Root, TLD, second-level domains
Distributed Database: No single point of failure
Caching: Improves performance by storing recent lookups

Mnemonic: "DNS - Domain Name System translates addresses"

Question 3(c OR) [7 marks]

Describe following 1. Serial Communication 2. Synchronous Transmission

Answer:

Communication Types Diagram:

graph LR
    A[Data Communication] --> B[Serial]
    A --> C[Parallel]
    B --> D[Synchronous]
    B --> E[Asynchronous]

Table: Communication Comparison

Type	Description	Timing	Examples
Serial Communication	Data bits sent one after another	Slower but reliable	RS-232, USB, Ethernet
Synchronous Transmission	Clock signal synchronizes sender/receiver	Precise timing	HDLC, SDLC

1. Serial Communication:

Single Wire: Data transmitted bit by bit over single channel
Cost Effective: Requires fewer wires than parallel
Long Distance: Less susceptible to noise and interference
Error Detection: Built-in mechanisms for data integrity

2. Synchronous Transmission:

Clock Synchronization: Separate clock signal or embedded timing
Block Transmission: Data sent in continuous blocks
Higher Efficiency: No start/stop bits needed
Complex Hardware: Requires synchronized clocks

Mnemonic: "Serial is Sequential, Synchronous is Simultaneous"

Question 4(a) [3 marks]

Differentiate Mesh and Bus topology.

Answer:

Topology Comparison Table:

Feature	Mesh Topology	Bus Topology
Connection	Every node connected to every other	All nodes on single cable
Fault Tolerance	Very high	Low (single point of failure)
Cost	Very expensive	Economical
Performance	Excellent	Degrades with more nodes

Mesh Topology:

A ─── B
│ \ / │
│  X  │
│ / \ │
C ─── D

Bus Topology:

A ── B ── C ── D ── Terminator

Mesh Advantages: Redundant paths, high reliability
Bus Advantages: Simple installation, cost-effective
Cable Requirements: Mesh needs n(n-1)/2 connections, Bus needs single cable

Mnemonic: "Mesh is Many connections, Bus is Basic single line"

Question 4(b) [4 marks]

Compare FDM and TDM.

Answer:

Table: FDM vs TDM Comparison

Parameter	FDM	TDM
Full Form	Frequency Division Multiplexing	Time Division Multiplexing
Division Basis	Frequency bands	Time slots
Signal Type	Analog	Digital
Crosstalk	Possible between channels	No crosstalk
Synchronization	Not required	Required
Efficiency	Lower due to guard bands	Higher efficiency

graph TB
    A[Multiplexing Techniques] --> B[FDM]
    A --> C[TDM]
    B --> D[Radio Broadcasting]
    B --> E[Cable TV]
    C --> F[Digital Telephony]
    C --> G[Computer Networks]

FDM Characteristics:

Frequency Separation: Each signal allocated different frequency band
Simultaneous Transmission: All signals transmitted at same time
Guard Bands: Prevent interference between channels

TDM Characteristics:

Time Separation: Each signal allocated different time slot
Sequential Transmission: Signals transmitted one after another
Precise Timing: Requires synchronized clocks

Mnemonic: "FDM uses Frequency, TDM uses Time"

Question 4(c) [7 marks]

Draw and illustrate OSI reference model.

Answer:

OSI Model Diagram:

graph LR
    A[Application Layer - Layer 7] --> B[Presentation Layer - Layer 6]
    B --> C[Session Layer - Layer 5]
    C --> D[Transport Layer - Layer 4]
    D --> E[Network Layer - Layer 3]
    E --> F[Data Link Layer - Layer 2]
    F --> G[Physical Layer - Layer 1]

Table: OSI Layer Functions

Layer	Name	Function	Examples
7	Application	User interface	HTTP, FTP, SMTP
6	Presentation	Data formatting	Encryption, Compression
5	Session	Session management	NetBIOS, RPC
4	Transport	End-to-end delivery	TCP, UDP
3	Network	Routing	IP, ICMP
2	Data Link	Frame delivery	Ethernet, PPP
1	Physical	Bit transmission	Cables, Hubs

Key Features:

Layered Architecture: Each layer has specific responsibilities
Protocol Independence: Layers can be modified independently
Standardization: Common framework for network communication
Encapsulation: Each layer adds its own header

Mnemonic: "All People Seem To Need Data Processing"

Question 4(a OR) [3 marks]

Describe Hub in brief.

Answer:

Hub Diagram:

    PC1
     |
PC4──HUB──PC2
     |
    PC3

Table: Hub Characteristics

Feature	Description
Function	Central connection point for devices
Type	Physical layer device (Layer 1)
Data Handling	Broadcasts to all connected devices
Collision Domain	All ports share same collision domain

Shared Bandwidth: All connected devices share total bandwidth
Half-Duplex: Cannot send and receive simultaneously
Security Issues: All devices receive all transmitted data
Obsolete Technology: Replaced by switches in modern networks

Mnemonic: "Hub is Half-duplex, shares Bandwidth"

Question 4(b OR) [4 marks]

Compare STP and UTP.

Answer:

Table: STP vs UTP Cable Comparison

Feature	STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)	UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
Shielding	Metal foil/braid protection	No shielding
Cost	More expensive	Less expensive
Installation	Complex due to grounding	Simple installation
EMI Resistance	Excellent protection	Moderate protection
Applications	Industrial environments	Office environments

Cable Structure:

UTP:    |wire1 wire2|
        |wire3 wire4|

STP:    |Shield|wire1 wire2|Shield|
        |Shield|wire3 wire4|Shield|

STP Advantages:

Better Noise Immunity: Shield blocks electromagnetic interference
Higher Data Rates: Supports faster transmission speeds
Secure Transmission: Less susceptible to eavesdropping

UTP Advantages:

Cost Effective: Cheaper than STP
Easy Installation: No grounding requirements
Flexibility: More flexible and easier to handle

Mnemonic: "STP is Shielded but Pricey, UTP is Unshielded but Popular"

Question 4(c OR) [7 marks]

Distinguish LAN, MAN, WAN.

Answer:

Network Size Comparison:

graph TB
    A[Computer Networks] --> B[LAN - Local Area Network]
    A --> C[MAN - Metropolitan Area Network]  
    A --> D[WAN - Wide Area Network]
    
    B --> E[Building/Campus]
    C --> F[City/Metropolitan Area]
    D --> G[Country/Continent]

Table: Network Type Comparison

Parameter	LAN	MAN	WAN
Coverage	Building/Campus	City/Metropolitan area	Country/Continent
Speed	10 Mbps - 1 Gbps	1-100 Mbps	56 Kbps - 100 Mbps
Cost	Low	Medium	High
Ownership	Private	Private/Public	Public/Leased
Technology	Ethernet, Wi-Fi	Fiber optic, WiMAX	Satellite, Leased lines
Error Rate	Very low	Low	Higher

Detailed Characteristics:

LAN (Local Area Network):

High Speed: Fast data transmission within small area
Low Cost: Inexpensive to set up and maintain
Private Ownership: Usually owned by single organization

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

City-wide Coverage: Spans across metropolitan area
Medium Speed: Moderate transmission speeds
Mixed Ownership: Can be public or private

WAN (Wide Area Network):

Global Coverage: Spans countries and continents
Variable Speed: Depends on connection type
Public Infrastructure: Uses public telecommunication networks

Mnemonic: "LAN is Local, MAN is Metropolitan, WAN is Wide"

Question 5(a) [3 marks]

Explain Denial of Service Attack.

Answer:

DoS Attack Diagram:

graph LR
    A[Attacker] --> B[Multiple Requests]
    B --> C[Target Server]
    C --> D[Server Overwhelmed]
    D --> E[Service Unavailable]

Table: DoS Attack Types

Type	Description
Volume-based	Floods bandwidth with traffic
Protocol-based	Exploits protocol weaknesses
Application-based	Targets application resources

Objective: Make services unavailable to legitimate users
Methods: Traffic flooding, resource exhaustion, exploit vulnerabilities
Impact: Service disruption, financial loss, reputation damage
Prevention: Firewalls, load balancers, intrusion detection systems

Mnemonic: "DoS Denies Others Service"

Question 5(b) [4 marks]

i) Classify data transmission ii) Write down use of Terminator in Bus Topology.

Answer:

i) Data Transmission Classification:

graph TD
    A[Data Transmission] --> B[Direction]
    A --> C[Timing]
    A --> D[Mode]
    
    B --> E[Simplex]
    B --> F[Half-Duplex]
    B --> G[Full-Duplex]
    
    C --> H[Synchronous]
    C --> I[Asynchronous]
    
    D --> J[Serial]
    D --> K[Parallel]

ii) Terminator in Bus Topology:

Table: Terminator Functions

Function	Description
Signal Absorption	Prevents signal reflection
Impedance Matching	Matches cable impedance
Network Integrity	Maintains signal quality

Prevention of Reflection: Stops signals from bouncing back
Signal Quality: Maintains clean signal transmission
Required at Both Ends: Bus topology needs terminators at both cable ends
Resistance Value: Usually 50 ohms for Ethernet networks

Mnemonic: "Terminator Stops signal Travel"

Question 5(c) [7 marks]

Describe CIA triad.

Answer:

CIA Triad Diagram:

graph TD
    A[CIA Triad] --> B[Confidentiality]
    A --> C[Integrity]
    A --> D[Availability]
    
    B --> E[Encryption]
    B --> F[Access Control]
    
    C --> G[Hash Functions]
    C --> H[Digital Signatures]
    
    D --> I[Redundancy]
    D --> J[Backup Systems]

Table: CIA Triad Components

Component	Definition	Implementation	Threats
Confidentiality	Information secrecy	Encryption, Access control	Unauthorized disclosure
Integrity	Data accuracy and completeness	Hash functions, Digital signatures	Data modification
Availability	Information accessibility	Redundancy, Backup systems	Service disruption

Detailed Explanation:

Confidentiality:

Data Protection: Only authorized users can access information
Privacy Measures: Encryption, authentication, access controls
Examples: Password protection, file permissions

Integrity:

Data Accuracy: Information remains unaltered during transmission/storage
Verification Methods: Checksums, digital signatures, version control
Examples: Hash functions, database constraints

Availability:

System Accessibility: Information and services available when needed
Reliability Measures: Redundancy, fault tolerance, disaster recovery
Examples: Load balancing, backup systems, UPS

Mnemonic: "CIA protects - Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability"

Question 5(a OR) [3 marks]

Define 1. Cryptography 2. Decryption

Answer:

Definition Table:

Term	Definition	Purpose
Cryptography	Science of securing information through encoding	Protect data confidentiality
Decryption	Process of converting encrypted data back to original	Retrieve original information

Cryptography: Uses mathematical algorithms to transform readable data into unreadable format
Decryption: Reverse process using keys to restore original data
Key-based Security: Both processes rely on cryptographic keys

Mnemonic: "Crypto Conceals, Decryption Discloses"

Question 5(b OR) [4 marks]

i) State the reason why wires are twisted in twisted pair cables. ii) Identify the layer of OSI model at which the following network devices support 1. Router 2. Bridge

Answer:

i) Twisted Pair Cable Design:

Normal Wires:     ||||||||||||
                  ||||||||||||
                  (Parallel interference)

Twisted Wires:    \/\/\/\/\/\/
                  /\/\/\/\/\/\
                  (Cancellation effect)

Table: Wire Twisting Benefits

Benefit	Description
Noise Reduction	Cancels electromagnetic interference
Crosstalk Prevention	Reduces signal interference between pairs
Signal Quality	Maintains better signal integrity

ii) OSI Layer Identification:

Table: Network Devices and OSI Layers

Device	OSI Layer	Function
Router	Layer 3 (Network)	Routing between different networks
Bridge	Layer 2 (Data Link)	Connecting network segments

Wire Twisting: Each twist cancels out electromagnetic interference from adjacent wire
Interference Cancellation: Noise affects both wires equally but in opposite directions
Router Function: Makes routing decisions based on IP addresses
Bridge Function: Forwards frames based on MAC addresses

Mnemonic: "Twisted wires Reduce interference, Router at layer 3, Bridge at layer 2"

Question 5(c OR) [7 marks]

Define Cyber Attack and Explain various cyber-attacks in brief

Answer:

Cyber Attack Definition: Cyber attack is a deliberate attempt to compromise computer systems, networks, or digital devices to steal, alter, or destroy data.

Types of Cyber Attacks:

graph TD
    A[Cyber Attacks] --> B[Malware]
    A --> C[Phishing]
    A --> D[DoS/DDoS]
    A --> E[Man-in-Middle]
    A --> F[SQL Injection]
    
    B --> G[Virus, Worm, Trojan]
    C --> H[Email, Website]
    D --> I[Traffic Flooding]
    E --> J[Eavesdropping]
    F --> K[Database Attack]

Table: Cyber Attack Types

Attack Type	Description	Impact	Prevention
Malware	Malicious software (virus, worm, trojan)	System corruption, data theft	Antivirus, updates
Phishing	Fraudulent emails/websites to steal credentials	Identity theft, financial loss	User awareness, email filters
DoS/DDoS	Overwhelming target with traffic	Service unavailability	Firewalls, load balancers
Man-in-Middle	Intercepting communication between parties	Data eavesdropping	Encryption, secure protocols
SQL Injection	Malicious code inserted into database queries	Database compromise	Input validation, parameterized queries

Detailed Attack Explanations:

Malware Attacks:

Virus: Self-replicating code that attaches to files
Worm: Standalone malware that spreads across networks
Trojan: Disguised malware that appears legitimate

Social Engineering:

Phishing: Fake emails requesting sensitive information
Spear Phishing: Targeted attacks on specific individuals
Baiting: Using attractive offers to deliver malware

Network Attacks:

Packet Sniffing: Capturing network traffic for analysis
Session Hijacking: Taking over user sessions
Password Attacks: Brute force, dictionary attacks

Mnemonic: "MPDMS - Malware, Phishing, DoS, Man-in-middle, SQL injection"