Question 1(a) [3 marks]

Explain the basic structure of Java program.

Answer:

Basic Structure Table:

Component	Description
Package declaration	Optional, defines package membership
Import statements	Imports required classes/packages
Class declaration	Defines the main class
Main method	Entry point: public static void main(String[] args)

Diagram:

+-------------------------+
|    Package Declaration  |
+-------------------------+
|    Import Statements    |
+-------------------------+
|    Class Declaration    |
|  +-------------------+  |
|  |   Variables       |  |
|  +-------------------+  |
|  |   Methods         |  |
|  |  +-------------+  |  |
|  |  | main method |  |  |
|  |  +-------------+  |  |
|  +-------------------+  |
+-------------------------+

Package: Groups related classes
Import: Access external classes
Class: Blueprint for objects
Main method: Program execution starts here

Mnemonic: "PICM - Package, Import, Class, Main"

Question 1(b) [4 marks]

List out different features of java. Explain any two.

Answer:

Java Features Table:

Feature	Description
Platform Independent	Write once, run anywhere
Object Oriented	Everything is an object
Simple	Easy syntax, no pointers
Secure	Built-in security features
Robust	Strong memory management
Multithreaded	Concurrent execution support

Detailed Explanation:

Platform Independence:

Java code compiles to bytecode
JVM interprets bytecode on any platform
Same program runs on Windows, Linux, Mac

Object Oriented:

Encapsulation: Data hiding in classes
Inheritance: Code reuse through extends
Polymorphism: Same method, different behavior

Mnemonic: "POSRMM - Platform, Object, Simple, Robust, Multithreaded, Memory"

Question 1(c) [7 marks]

Write a program in java to find out sum of the digits of entered number. (Ex. Number is 123 output is 6).

Answer:

public class DigitSum {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int number = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        int sum = 0;
        int temp = Math.abs(number);
        
        while (temp > 0) {
            sum += temp % 10;
            temp /= 10;
        }
        
        System.out.println("Sum of digits: " + sum);
    }
}

Algorithm Table:

Step	Operation	Example (123)
1	Extract last digit (n%10)	123%10 = 3
2	Add to sum	sum = 0+3 = 3
3	Remove last digit (n/10)	123/10 = 12
4	Repeat until n=0	Continue

Input: Command line argument
Process: Extract digits using modulo
Output: Sum of all digits

Mnemonic: "EARD - Extract, Add, Remove, Done"

Question 1(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a program in java to find out maximum from any ten numbers using command line argument.

Answer:

public class FindMaximum {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length < 10) {
            System.out.println("Please enter 10 numbers");
            return;
        }
        
        int max = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        
        for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
            int current = Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
            if (current > max) {
                max = current;
            }
        }
        
        System.out.println("Maximum number: " + max);
    }
}

Process Table:

Step	Action	Details
1	Check args	Ensure 10 numbers provided
2	Initialize max	First number as initial max
3	Compare loop	Check each remaining number
4	Update max	If current > max, update

Validation: Check argument count
Comparison: Standard maximum finding
Output: Display the largest number

Mnemonic: "VCIU - Validate, Compare, Initialize, Update"

Question 2(a) [3 marks]

List out different concept of oop. Explain anyone in detail.

Answer:

OOP Concepts Table:

Concept	Description
Encapsulation	Data hiding and bundling
Inheritance	Code reuse from parent class
Polymorphism	One interface, many forms
Abstraction	Hiding implementation details

Encapsulation Details:

Combines data and methods in single unit
Uses private access modifiers for data
Provides public getter/setter methods
Protects data from unauthorized access

Benefits:

Security: Data protection
Maintenance: Easy code updates
Flexibility: Change implementation easily

Mnemonic: "EIPA - Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction"

Question 2(b) [4 marks]

Explain JVM in detail.

Answer:

JVM Architecture Diagram:

graph LR
    A[Java Source Code] --> B[Java Compiler javac]
    B --> C[Bytecode .class]
    C --> D[JVM]
    D --> E[Class Loader]
    D --> F[Memory Areas]
    D --> G[Execution Engine]
    G --> H[Native OS]

JVM Components Table:

Component	Function
Class Loader	Loads .class files into memory
Memory Areas	Heap, Stack, Method area
Execution Engine	Executes bytecode
JIT Compiler	Optimizes frequently used code

Platform Independence: Same bytecode runs everywhere
Memory Management: Automatic garbage collection
Security: Bytecode verification before execution

Mnemonic: "CEMJ - Class loader, Execution, Memory, JIT"

Question 2(c) [7 marks]

Explain constructor overloading with example.

Answer:

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String course;
    
    // Default constructor
    public Student() {
        this.name = "Unknown";
        this.age = 0;
        this.course = "Not Assigned";
    }
    
    // Constructor with name
    public Student(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = 0;
        this.course = "Not Assigned";
    }
    
    // Constructor with name and age
    public Student(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.course = "Not Assigned";
    }
    
    // Constructor with all parameters
    public Student(String name, int age, String course) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.course = course;
    }
}

Constructor Types Table:

Constructor	Parameters	Use Case
Default	None	Basic object creation
Single param	Name only	Partial initialization
Two param	Name, Age	More specific data
Full param	All fields	Complete initialization

Same name: All constructors have class name
Different parameters: Number or type varies
Compile-time: Decision made during compilation

Mnemonic: "SNDF - Same Name, Different Parameters, Flexible"

Question 2(a OR) [3 marks]

What is wrapper class? Explain with example.

Answer:

Wrapper Classes Table:

Primitive	Wrapper Class
byte	Byte
int	Integer
float	Float
double	Double
char	Character
boolean	Boolean

Example:

// Boxing - primitive to object
int num = 10;
Integer obj = Integer.valueOf(num);

// Unboxing - object to primitive
Integer wrapper = new Integer(20);
int value = wrapper.intValue();

// Auto-boxing (Java 5+)
Integer auto = 30;
int autoValue = auto;

Boxing: Convert primitive to wrapper object
Unboxing: Extract primitive from wrapper
Collections: Only objects allowed in collections

Mnemonic: "BUC - Boxing, Unboxing, Collections"

Question 2(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain static keyword with example.

Answer:

public class Counter {
    private static int count = 0;  // Static variable
    private int id;                // Instance variable
    
    public Counter() {
        count++;                   // Increment static count
        this.id = count;
    }
    
    public static void showCount() {  // Static method
        System.out.println("Total objects: " + count);
    }
    
    public void showId() {         // Instance method
        System.out.println("Object ID: " + id);
    }
}

Static Features Table:

Feature	Characteristics
Static Variable	Shared among all instances
Static Method	Called without object creation
Static Block	Executed once when class loads
Memory	Stored in method area

Class level: Belongs to class, not instance
Memory efficiency: Single copy for all objects
Access: Use class name to access

Mnemonic: "SCMA - Shared, Class-level, Memory, Access"

Question 2(c OR) [7 marks]

What is constructor? Explain copy constructor with example.

Answer:

Constructor Definition: Constructor is a special method that initializes objects when they are created.

public class Book {
    private String title;
    private String author;
    private int pages;
    
    // Default constructor
    public Book() {
        this.title = "Unknown";
        this.author = "Unknown";
        this.pages = 0;
    }
    
    // Parameterized constructor
    public Book(String title, String author, int pages) {
        this.title = title;
        this.author = author;
        this.pages = pages;
    }
    
    // Copy constructor
    public Book(Book other) {
        this.title = other.title;
        this.author = other.author;
        this.pages = other.pages;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println(title + " by " + author + 
                          " (" + pages + " pages)");
    }
}

// Usage
Book original = new Book("Java Guide", "James", 500);
Book copy = new Book(original);  // Copy constructor

Constructor Types Table:

Type	Purpose	Parameters
Default	Basic initialization	None
Parameterized	Custom initialization	User-defined
Copy	Clone existing object	Same class object

Same name: Constructor name = class name
No return type: Not even void
Automatic call: Called when object created

Mnemonic: "SNAC - Same Name, Automatic Call"

Question 3(a) [3 marks]

Explain any four-string function in java with example.

Answer:

String Functions Table:

Function	Purpose	Example
length()	Returns string length	"Hello".length() → 5
charAt(index)	Character at position	"Java".charAt(1) → 'a'
substring(start)	Extract portion	"Program".substring(3) → "gram"
toUpperCase()	Convert to uppercase	"java".toUpperCase() → "JAVA"

Code Example:

String str = "Java Programming";

int len = str.length();           // 16
char ch = str.charAt(0);          // 'J'
String sub = str.substring(5);    // "Programming"
String upper = str.toUpperCase(); // "JAVA PROGRAMMING"

Immutable: String objects cannot be changed
Return new: Methods return new string objects
Zero-indexed: Position counting starts from 0

Mnemonic: "LCST - Length, Character, Substring, Transform"

Question 3(b) [4 marks]

List out different types of inheritance. Explain multilevel inheritance.

Answer:

Inheritance Types Table:

Type	Description
Single	One parent, one child
Multilevel	Chain of inheritance
Hierarchical	One parent, multiple children
Multiple	Multiple parents (via interfaces)

Multilevel Inheritance Diagram:

graph LR
    A[Vehicle] --> B[Car]
    B --> C[SportsCar]

Example:

class Vehicle {
    protected String brand;
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Vehicle started");
    }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
    protected int doors;
    public void drive() {
        System.out.println("Car is driving");
    }
}

class SportsCar extends Car {
    private int maxSpeed;
    public void race() {
        System.out.println("Sports car racing");
    }
}

Chain inheritance: Grandparent → Parent → Child
Feature accumulation: Child gets all ancestor features
Method access: Can call methods from all levels

Mnemonic: "SMHM - Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical, Multiple"

Question 3(c) [7 marks]

What is interface? Explain multiple inheritance with example.

Answer:

Interface Definition: Interface is a contract that defines what methods a class must implement, without providing implementation.

interface Flyable {
    void fly();
    void land();
}

interface Swimmable {
    void swim();
    void dive();
}

// Multiple inheritance through interfaces
class Duck implements Flyable, Swimmable {
    public void fly() {
        System.out.println("Duck is flying");
    }
    
    public void land() {
        System.out.println("Duck landed on ground");
    }
    
    public void swim() {
        System.out.println("Duck is swimming");
    }
    
    public void dive() {
        System.out.println("Duck dived underwater");
    }
}

Interface vs Class Table:

Feature	Interface	Class
Methods	Abstract (default/static allowed)	Concrete
Variables	public static final	Any type
Inheritance	Multiple allowed	Single only
Instantiation	Cannot create objects	Can create objects

Multiple Inheritance Diagram:

graph TD
    A[Flyable] --> C[Duck]
    B[Swimmable] --> C[Duck]

Contract: Defines what, not how
Multiple implementation: One class, many interfaces
Diamond problem solution: Interfaces solve multiple inheritance issues

Mnemonic: "CMDS - Contract, Multiple, Diamond-solution"

Question 3(a OR) [3 marks]

Explain this keyword with example.

Answer:

'this' Keyword Uses Table:

Use Case	Purpose
Instance variable	Differentiate from parameter
Method call	Call another method of same class
Constructor call	Call another constructor
Return object	Return current object reference

Example:

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    
    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;  // Distinguish parameter from field
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    public Person setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        return this;       // Return current object
    }
    
    public void display() {
        this.printDetails(); // Call method of same class
    }
    
    private void printDetails() {
        System.out.println(this.name + " is " + this.age);
    }
}

Current object: Refers to current instance
Parameter conflict: Resolve naming conflicts
Method chaining: Enable fluent interface

Mnemonic: "CRPM - Current, Resolve, Parameter, Method"

Question 3(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain method overriding with example.

Answer:

class Animal {
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
    }
    
    public void sleep() {
        System.out.println("Animal sleeps");
    }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {  // Method overriding
        System.out.println("Dog barks: Woof!");
    }
    
    // sleep() method inherited as-is
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {  // Method overriding
        System.out.println("Cat meows: Meow!");
    }
}

Overriding Rules Table:

Rule	Description
Same signature	Method name, parameters must match
Inheritance	Must be in parent-child relationship
@Override	Annotation for compiler checking
Runtime decision	Method called based on object type

Usage:

Animal animal1 = new Dog();
Animal animal2 = new Cat();

animal1.makeSound(); // Output: "Dog barks: Woof!"
animal2.makeSound(); // Output: "Cat meows: Meow!"

Runtime polymorphism: Decision made during execution
Same interface: Different behavior for different classes
Dynamic binding: Method resolution at runtime

Mnemonic: "SSRD - Same Signature, Runtime Decision"

Question 3(c OR) [7 marks]

What is package? Write steps to create a package and give example of it.

Answer:

Package Definition: Package is a namespace that organizes related classes and interfaces, providing access control and avoiding naming conflicts.

Steps to Create Package:

Step	Action	Command/Code
1	Create directory	mkdir com/company/utils
2	Add package declaration	package com.company.utils;
3	Write class	public class MathUtils { }
4	Compile	javac -d . MathUtils.java
5	Import and use	import com.company.utils.*;

Example Package Structure:

src/
  com/
    company/
      utils/
        MathUtils.java
        StringUtils.java
      models/
        Student.java

MathUtils.java:

package com.company.utils;

public class MathUtils {
    public static int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }
    
    public static int multiply(int a, int b) {
        return a * b;
    }
}

Using Package:

import com.company.utils.MathUtils;

public class Calculator {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int sum = MathUtils.add(5, 3);
        int product = MathUtils.multiply(4, 6);
        
        System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);
        System.out.println("Product: " + product);
    }
}

Package Benefits Table:

Benefit	Description
Organization	Logical grouping of classes
Namespace	Avoid naming conflicts
Access control	Package-private access
Maintenance	Easier code management

Mnemonic: "ONAM - Organization, Namespace, Access, Maintenance"

Question 4(a) [3 marks]

Explain thread priorities with suitable example.

Answer:

Thread Priority Table:

Priority Level	Constant	Value
Minimum	MIN_PRIORITY	1
Normal	NORM_PRIORITY	5
Maximum	MAX_PRIORITY	10

Example:

class PriorityDemo extends Thread {
    public PriorityDemo(String name) {
        super(name);
    }
    
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            System.out.println(getName() + " - Count: " + i);
        }
    }
}

public class ThreadPriorityExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PriorityDemo t1 = new PriorityDemo("High Priority");
        PriorityDemo t2 = new PriorityDemo("Low Priority");
        
        t1.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);  // Priority 10
        t2.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);  // Priority 1
        
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

Higher priority: More likely to get CPU time
Not guaranteed: JVM decides actual scheduling
Default priority: Every thread starts with NORM_PRIORITY

Mnemonic: "HNG - Higher priority, Not Guaranteed"

Question 4(b) [4 marks]

What is Thread? Explain Thread life cycle.

Answer:

Thread Definition: Thread is a lightweight sub-process that allows concurrent execution of multiple tasks within a program.

Thread Life Cycle Diagram:

graph LR
    A[NEW] --> B[RUNNABLE]
    B --> C[RUNNING]
    C --> D[BLOCKED/WAITING]
    D --> B
    C --> E[TERMINATED]

Thread States Table:

State	Description
NEW	Thread created but not started
RUNNABLE	Ready to run, waiting for CPU
RUNNING	Currently executing
BLOCKED/WAITING	Waiting for resource/condition
TERMINATED	Execution completed

State Transitions:

NEW → RUNNABLE: start() method called
RUNNABLE → RUNNING: Thread scheduler assigns CPU
RUNNING → BLOCKED: Waiting for I/O or lock
RUNNING → TERMINATED: run() method completes
Concurrent execution: Multiple threads run simultaneously
JVM managed: Thread scheduler controls execution
Resource sharing: Threads share memory space

Mnemonic: "NRBT - New, Runnable, Blocked, Terminated"

Question 4(c) [7 marks]

Write a program in java that create the multiple threads by implementing the Thread class.

Answer:

class NumberPrinter extends Thread {
    private String threadName;
    private int start;
    private int end;
    
    public NumberPrinter(String name, int start, int end) {
        this.threadName = name;
        this.start = start;
        this.end = end;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(threadName + " started");
        
        for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
            System.out.println(threadName + ": " + i);
            
            try {
                Thread.sleep(500); // Pause for 500ms
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                System.out.println(threadName + " interrupted");
            }
        }
        
        System.out.println(threadName + " finished");
    }
}

public class MultipleThreadsExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create multiple threads
        NumberPrinter thread1 = new NumberPrinter("Thread-1", 1, 5);
        NumberPrinter thread2 = new NumberPrinter("Thread-2", 10, 15);
        NumberPrinter thread3 = new NumberPrinter("Thread-3", 20, 25);
        
        // Start all threads
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
        thread3.start();
        
        System.out.println("All threads started from main");
    }
}

Implementation Steps Table:

Step	Action
1	Extend Thread class
2	Override run() method
3	Create thread objects
4	Call start() method

Extends Thread: Inherit threading capabilities
Override run(): Define thread's execution logic
start() method: Begin thread execution
Concurrent execution: All threads run simultaneously

Mnemonic: "EOCS - Extend, Override, Create, Start"

Question 4(a OR) [3 marks]

Explain basic concept of Exception Handling.

Answer:

Exception Handling Concepts Table:

Concept	Description
Exception	Runtime error that disrupts normal flow
try block	Code that might throw exception
catch block	Handles specific exception types
finally block	Always executes, cleanup code

Exception Hierarchy:

graph LR
    A[Throwable] --> B[Exception]
    A --> C[Error]
    B --> D[RuntimeException]
    B --> E[Checked Exceptions]
    D --> F[NullPointerException]
    D --> G[ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException]

Basic Syntax:

try {
    // Risky code
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
    // Handle exception
} finally {
    // Cleanup code
}

Graceful handling: Program continues after exception
Error prevention: Avoid program crash
Resource cleanup: finally block ensures cleanup

Mnemonic: "TRCF - Try, Runtime error, Catch, Finally"

Question 4(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain multiple catch with suitable example.

Answer:

public class MultipleCatchExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30};
            int divisor = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
            
            int result = numbers[5] / divisor;  // May cause multiple exceptions
            System.out.println("Result: " + result);
            
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
            System.out.println("Array index error: " + e.getMessage());
            
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Math error: " + e.getMessage());
            
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            System.out.println("Number format error: " + e.getMessage());
            
        } catch (Exception e) {  // Generic catch
            System.out.println("General error: " + e.getMessage());
            
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Cleanup completed");
        }
    }
}

Multiple Catch Rules Table:

Rule	Description
Specific first	Handle specific exceptions before general
One catch executes	Only first matching catch runs
Order matters	More specific to more general
finally always	finally block always executes

Exception Flow:

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Invalid array access
ArithmeticException: Division by zero
NumberFormatException: Invalid number conversion
Exception: Catches any remaining exceptions

Mnemonic: "SOOF - Specific first, One executes, Order matters, Finally"

Question 4(c OR) [7 marks]

What is Exception? Write a program that show the use of Arithmetic Exception.

Answer:

Exception Definition: Exception is an event that occurs during program execution and disrupts the normal flow of instructions.

public class ArithmeticExceptionDemo {
    
    public static double divide(int numerator, int denominator) {
        try {
            if (denominator == 0) {
                throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero is not allowed");
            }
            return (double) numerator / denominator;
            
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());
            return Double.NaN;  // Return Not-a-Number
        }
    }
    
    public static void calculatorDemo() {
        int[] numbers = {100, 50, 25, 0, -10};
        
        for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
            try {
                int result = 100 / numbers[i];
                System.out.println("100 / " + numbers[i] + " = " + result);
                
            } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
                System.out.println("Cannot divide 100 by " + numbers[i] + 
                                 " - " + e.getMessage());
            }
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("=== Arithmetic Exception Demo ===");
        
        // Test custom divide method
        System.out.println("\n1. Custom divide method:");
        System.out.println("10 / 2 = " + divide(10, 2));
        System.out.println("15 / 0 = " + divide(15, 0));
        
        // Test calculator demo
        System.out.println("\n2. Calculator demo:");
        calculatorDemo();
        
        // Test with try-catch-finally
        System.out.println("\n3. Try-catch-finally demo:");
        try {
            int value = 50;
            int zero = 0;
            int result = value / zero;  // This will throw ArithmeticException
            
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Exception handled: " + e.toString());
            
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Finally block: Cleanup completed");
        }
        
        System.out.println("Program continues normally after exception handling");
    }
}

Exception Types Table:

Type	Description	Example
Checked	Must be handled at compile time	IOException
Unchecked	Runtime exceptions	ArithmeticException
Error	System-level problems	OutOfMemoryError

ArithmeticException Causes:

Division by zero: Most common cause
Modulo by zero: Remainder operation with zero
Invalid operations: Mathematical impossibilities

Program Flow:

Normal execution: Try block runs
Exception occurs: ArithmeticException thrown
Exception caught: Catch block handles it
Cleanup: Finally block executes
Continue: Program continues after handling

Mnemonic: "DZMI - Division by Zero, Mathematical Invalid"

Question 5(a) [3 marks]

Explain ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception in Java with example.

Answer:

ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception Table:

Cause	Description	Example
Negative index	Index less than 0	arr[-1]
Index >= length	Index beyond array size	arr[5] for size 3
Empty array	Access on zero-length array	arr[0] for length 0

Example:

public class ArrayIndexDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30};
        
        try {
            System.out.println(numbers[5]); // Index 5 > length 3
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
            System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        
        try {
            System.out.println(numbers[-1]); // Negative index
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
            System.out.println("Error: Negative index");
        }
    }
}

Runtime exception: Occurs during program execution
Index validation: Always check array bounds
Prevention: Use array.length for bounds checking

Mnemonic: "NIE - Negative, Index-exceed, Empty"

Question 5(b) [4 marks]

Explain basics of stream classes.

Answer:

Stream Classes Hierarchy:

graph TD
    A[InputStream] --> B[FileInputStream]
    A --> C[BufferedInputStream]
    D[OutputStream] --> E[FileOutputStream]
    D --> F[BufferedOutputStream]
    G[Reader] --> H[FileReader]
    G --> I[BufferedReader]
    J[Writer] --> K[FileWriter]
    J --> L[BufferedWriter]

Stream Types Table:

Stream Type	Purpose	Classes
Byte Streams	Handle binary data	InputStream, OutputStream
Character Streams	Handle text data	Reader, Writer
Buffered Streams	Improve performance	BufferedReader, BufferedWriter
File Streams	File operations	FileInputStream, FileOutputStream

Basic Operations:

Input: Read data from source
Output: Write data to destination
Buffering: Store data temporarily for efficiency
Closing: Release system resources

Stream Benefits:

Abstraction: Uniform interface for I/O
Efficiency: Buffered operations
Flexibility: Various data sources/destinations

Mnemonic: "BCIF - Byte, Character, Input/Output, File"

Question 5(c) [7 marks]

Write a java program to create a text file and perform write operation on the text file.

Answer:

import java.io.*;

public class FileWriteDemo {
    
    public static void writeWithFileWriter() {
        try {
            FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("student_data.txt");
            
            writer.write("Student Information System\n");
            writer.write("==========================\n");
            writer.write("ID: 101\n");
            writer.write("Name: John Doe\n");
            writer.write("Course: Java Programming\n");
            writer.write("Grade: A+\n");
            
            writer.close();
            System.out.println("File written successfully using FileWriter");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error writing file: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void writeWithBufferedWriter() {
        try {
            BufferedWriter buffWriter = new BufferedWriter(
                new FileWriter("course_details.txt")
            );
            
            String[] courses = {
                "Java Programming - 4341602",
                "Database Management - 4341603", 
                "Web Development - 4341604",
                "Mobile App Development - 4341605"
            };
            
            buffWriter.write("Available Courses:\n");
            buffWriter.write("==================\n");
            
            for (String course : courses) {
                buffWriter.write(course + "\n");
            }
            
            buffWriter.close();
            System.out.println("File written successfully using BufferedWriter");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void writeWithTryWithResources() {
        try (FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("marks_record.txt")) {
            
            writer.write("Semester 4 Marks Record\n");
            writer.write("=======================\n");
            writer.write("Java Programming: 85\n");
            writer.write("Database Management: 78\n");
            writer.write("Web Development: 92\n");
            writer.write("Total: 255/300\n");
            writer.write("Percentage: 85%\n");
            
            System.out.println("File written with automatic resource management");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("File write error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("=== File Write Operations Demo ===\n");
        
        // Method 1: Basic FileWriter
        writeWithFileWriter();
        
        // Method 2: BufferedWriter for better performance
        writeWithBufferedWriter();
        
        // Method 3: Try-with-resources (recommended)
        writeWithTryWithResources();
        
        System.out.println("\nAll file write operations completed!");
    }
}

File Write Methods Table:

Method	Performance	Resource Management	Use Case
FileWriter	Basic	Manual close()	Simple writes
BufferedWriter	High	Manual close()	Large data
Try-with-resources	High	Automatic	Recommended

Write Operation Steps:

Create writer object: FileWriter or BufferedWriter
Write data: Use write() method
Close stream: Release resources
Handle exceptions: IOException management

File Operations:

Create: New file if doesn't exist
Overwrite: Replaces existing content
Append: Add to existing content (use append mode)

Mnemonic: "CWCH - Create, Write, Close, Handle"

Question 5(a OR) [3 marks]

Explain Divide by Zero Exception in Java with example.

Answer:

Divide by Zero Exception Table:

Operation	Result	Exception
Integer division	Undefined	ArithmeticException
Float division	Infinity	No exception
Modulo by zero	Undefined	ArithmeticException

Example:

public class DivideByZeroDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Integer division by zero
        try {
            int result = 10 / 0;
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Integer division: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        
        // Float division by zero (no exception)
        double floatResult = 10.0 / 0.0;
        System.out.println("Float division: " + floatResult); // Infinity
        
        // Modulo by zero
        try {
            int remainder = 10 % 0;
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Modulo error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

Integer arithmetic: Throws ArithmeticException
Floating point: Returns Infinity (IEEE 754 standard)
Prevention: Check denominator before division

Mnemonic: "IFM - Integer exception, Float infinity, Modulo error"

Question 5(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain try and catch block with example.

Answer:

Try-Catch Structure:

try {
    // Risky code that might throw exception
} catch (SpecificException e) {
    // Handle specific exception
} catch (GeneralException e) {
    // Handle general exception
} finally {
    // Always executes (optional)
}

Example:

public class TryCatchExample {
    public static void validateAge(int age) {
        try {
            if (age < 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age cannot be negative");
            }
            if (age > 150) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age seems unrealistic");
            }
            System.out.println("Valid age: " + age);
            
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            System.out.println("Validation error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        validateAge(25);    // Valid
        validateAge(-5);    // Invalid
        validateAge(200);   // Invalid
    }
}

Try-Catch Flow Table:

Block	Purpose	Execution
try	Contains risky code	Always executed first
catch	Handles exceptions	Only if exception occurs
finally	Cleanup code	Always executed

Exception matching: First matching catch block executes
Control flow: Program continues after catch block
Multiple catches: Handle different exception types

Mnemonic: "TCF - Try risky, Catch exception, Finally cleanup"

Question 5(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a java program to display the content of a text file and perform append operation on the text file.

Answer:

import java.io.*;

public class FileReadAppendDemo {
    
    public static void createInitialFile() {
        try (FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("student_log.txt")) {
            writer.write("Student Activity Log\n");
            writer.write("===================\n");
            writer.write("2024-06-13: Course registration started\n");
            writer.write("2024-06-14: Assignment 1 submitted\n");
            
            System.out.println("Initial file created successfully");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error creating file: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void displayFileContent(String fileName) {
        System.out.println("\n=== File Content ===");
        
        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName))) {
            String line;
            int lineNumber = 1;
            
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                System.out.println(lineNumber + ": " + line);
                lineNumber++;
            }
            
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("File not found: " + fileName);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error reading file: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void appendToFile(String fileName, String content) {
        try (FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(fileName, true)) { // true = append mode
            writer.write(content);
            System.out.println("Content appended successfully");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error appending to file: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void appendMultipleEntries(String fileName) {
        String[] newEntries = {
            "2024-06-15: Quiz 1 completed\n",
            "2024-06-16: Project proposal submitted\n",
            "2024-06-17: Group study session\n",
            "2024-06-18: Mid-term exam preparation\n"
        };
        
        try (BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(
                new FileWriter(fileName, true))) {
            
            writer.write("\n--- Recent Activities ---\n");
            
            for (String entry : newEntries) {
                writer.write(entry);
            }
            
            writer.write("--- End of Log ---\n");
            System.out.println("Multiple entries appended successfully");
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error appending entries: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String fileName = "student_log.txt";
        
        System.out.println("=== File Read and Append Operations ===");
        
        // Step 1: Create initial file
        createInitialFile();
        
        // Step 2: Display initial content
        displayFileContent(fileName);
        
        // Step 3: Append single entry
        appendToFile(fileName, "2024-06-19: Lab session completed\n");
        
        // Step 4: Display content after first append
        System.out.println("\n--- After first append ---");
        displayFileContent(fileName);
        
        // Step 5: Append multiple entries
        appendMultipleEntries(fileName);
        
        // Step 6: Display final content
        System.out.println("\n--- Final file content ---");
        displayFileContent(fileName);
        
        // Step 7: File statistics
        showFileStatistics(fileName);
    }
    
    public static void showFileStatistics(String fileName) {
        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName))) {
            int lineCount = 0;
            int charCount = 0;
            String line;
            
            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                lineCount++;
                charCount += line.length();
            }
            
            System.out.println("\n=== File Statistics ===");
            System.out.println("Total lines: " + lineCount);
            System.out.println("Total characters: " + charCount);
            
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("Error reading file statistics: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

File Operations Table:

Operation	Method	Purpose
Create	FileWriter(filename)	Create new file
Read	BufferedReader.readLine()	Read file content
Append	FileWriter(filename, true)	Add to existing file
Display	System.out.println()	Show content

File Operations Flow:

Create initial file: Write initial content
Display content: Read and show current content
Append data: Add new information
Display updated: Show modified content
Statistics: Count lines and characters

Append vs Write:

Write mode: Overwrites existing content
Append mode: Adds to end of existing content
Constructor parameter: Second parameter true enables append

Resource Management:

Try-with-resources: Automatic close()
Exception handling: FileNotFoundException, IOException
Buffered operations: Better performance for large files

Mnemonic: "CDADS - Create, Display, Append, Display, Statistics"