Question 1(a) [3 marks]

Define algorithm. What are the advantages of Algorithm?

Answer: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or a set of rules to solve a specific problem in a finite sequence of steps.

Advantages of Algorithm:

Clarity: Provides clear, unambiguous instructions
Efficiency: Helps in optimizing time and resources
Reusability: Can be used repeatedly for similar problems
Verification: Easy to test and debug before implementation
Communication: Acts as a blueprint to communicate the solution

Mnemonic: "CERVC" (Clarity, Efficiency, Reusability, Verification, Communication)

Question 1(b) [4 marks]

What are the rules for problem solving using flowchart? Design a flowchart to find simple interest.

Answer: Rules for problem solving using flowchart:

Proper symbols: Use standard symbols for different operations
Direction flow: Always maintain clear top-to-bottom, left-to-right flow
Single entry/exit: Have a clear start and end point
Clarity: Keep steps clear and concise
Consistency: Maintain consistent level of detail

Flowchart for Simple Interest Calculation:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input Principal P, Rate R, Time T/]
    B --> C[SI = P * R * T / 100]
    C --> D[/Output SI/]
    D --> E([End])

Mnemonic: "PDRSC" (Proper symbols, Direction flow, Required entry/exit, Simplicity, Consistency)

Question 1(c) [7 marks]

List out assignment operator in python and build a python code to demonstrate an operation of any three assignment operators.

Answer: Python assignment operators:

Operator	Example	Equivalent To
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 5	x = x + 5
-=	x -= 5	x = x - 5
*=	x *= 5	x = x * 5
/=	x /= 5	x = x / 5
%=	x %= 5	x = x % 5
//=	x //= 5	x = x // 5
**=	x **= 5	x = x ** 5
&=	x &= 5	x = x & 5
\|=	x \|= 5	x = x \| 5
^=	x ^= 5	x = x ^ 5
>>=	x >>= 5	x = x >> 5
<<=	x <<= 5	x = x << 5

Code demonstrating assignment operators:

# Demonstrating Assignment Operators
num = 10
print("Initial value:", num)

# Using += operator
num += 5
print("After += 5:", num)  # Output: 15

# Using -= operator
num -= 3
print("After -= 3:", num)  # Output: 12

# Using *= operator
num *= 2
print("After *= 2:", num)  # Output: 24

Mnemonic: "VALUE" (Variable Assignment is Like Updating Existing values)

Question 1(c) OR [7 marks]

List out data types in python and Develop a Program to identify any three data types in python.

Answer: Python data types:

Data Type	Description	Example
int	Integer (whole numbers)	42
float	Floating point (decimal)	3.14
str	String (text)	"Hello"
bool	Boolean (True/False)	True
list	Ordered, mutable collection	[1, 2, 3]
tuple	Ordered, immutable collection	(1, 2, 3)
set	Unordered collection of unique items	{1, 2, 3}
dict	Key-value pairs	{"name": "John"}
complex	Complex numbers	2+3j
NoneType	Represents None	None

Code to identify three data types:

# Program to identify data types
def identify_data_type(value):
    data_type = type(value).__name__
    print(f"Value: {value}")
    print(f"Data Type: {data_type}")
    print("-" * 20)

# Testing with 3 different data types
identify_data_type(42)            # Integer
identify_data_type(3.14)          # Float
identify_data_type("Hello World") # String

# Output:
# Value: 42
# Data Type: int
# --------------------
# Value: 3.14
# Data Type: float
# --------------------
# Value: Hello World
# Data Type: str
# --------------------

Mnemonic: "TYPE-ID" (Tell Your Python Elements - Identify Data)

Question 2(a) [3 marks]

Define pseudocode. Write pseudocode to find smallest of two number.

Answer: Pseudocode is a high-level description of an algorithm that uses structural conventions of a programming language but is designed for human reading rather than machine reading.

Pseudocode to find smallest of two numbers:

BEGIN
    INPUT first_number, second_number
    IF first_number < second_number THEN
        smallest = first_number
    ELSE
        smallest = second_number
    END IF
    OUTPUT smallest
END

Mnemonic: "RISE" (Read Input, Select smallest, Echo result)

Question 2(b) [4 marks]

Develop a python code to read three numbers from the user and find the average of the numbers.

Answer:

# Program to calculate average of three numbers
# Input three numbers from user
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
num3 = float(input("Enter third number: "))

# Calculate the average
average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3

# Display the result
print(f"The average of {num1}, {num2}, and {num3} is: {average}")

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input num1, num2, num3/]
    B --> C["average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3"]
    C --> D[/Output average/]
    D --> E([End])

Mnemonic: "I-ADD-D" (Input three, ADD them up, Divide by 3)

Question 2(c) [7 marks]

Write a python code to show whether the entered number is prime or not.

Answer:

# Program to check if a number is prime
# Input number from user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if number is less than 2
if num < 2:
    print(f"{num} is not a prime number")
else:
    # Initialize is_prime as True
    is_prime = True
    
    # Check from 2 to sqrt(num)
    for i in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):
        if num % i == 0:
            is_prime = False
            break
    
    # Display result
    if is_prime:
        print(f"{num} is a prime number")
    else:
        print(f"{num} is not a prime number")

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input num/]
    B --> C{num < 2?}
    C -->|Yes| D[/num is not prime/]
    C -->|No| E[is_prime = True]
    E --> F[i = 2]
    F --> G{i * i <= num}
    G -->|No| J{is_prime?}
    G -->|Yes| H{num % i == 0?}
    H -->|Yes| I[is_prime = False]
    I --> J
    H -->|No| K[i = i + 1]
    K --> G
    J -->|Yes| L[/num is prime/]
    J -->|No| D
    L --> M([End])
    D --> M

Mnemonic: "PRIME" (Positive number, Range check from 2 to √n, If divisible it's Multiple, Else it's prime)

Question 2(a) OR [3 marks]

Write down a difference between Flow chart and Algorithm.

Answer:

Flow Chart	Algorithm
Visual representation using standard symbols and shapes	Textual description using structured language
Easier to understand due to graphical nature	Requires knowledge of syntax and terminology
Shows logical flow and relationships clearly	Provides detailed steps in sequential order
Time-consuming to create but easier to follow	Quicker to draft but may be harder to interpret
More difficult to modify or update	Easier to modify or update

Mnemonic: "VITAL" (Visual vs Textual, Interpretation ease, Time to create, Alteration flexibility, Logical representation)

Question 2(b) OR [4 marks]

What is the output of the following code:

x=10
y=2
print (x*y)
print (x ** y)
print (x//y)
print (x % y)

Answer:

Operation	Explanation	Output
x*y	Multiplication: 10 × 2	20
x**y	Exponentiation: 10²	100
x//y	Integer division: 10 ÷ 2	5
x%y	Modulus (remainder): 10 ÷ 2	0

Mnemonic: "MEMO" (Multiply, Exponent, Modulo, Operations)

Question 2(c) OR [7 marks]

Write a python code to display the following patterns:

A)                    B)
1                    * * * *
1 2                  * * *
1 2 3                * *
1 2 3 4              *

Answer:

# Pattern A: Number pattern
print("Pattern A:")
for i in range(1, 5):
    for j in range(1, i + 1):
        print(j, end=" ")
    print()

# Pattern B: Star pattern
print("\nPattern B:")
for i in range(4, 0, -1):
    for j in range(i):
        print("*", end=" ")
    print()

Diagram:

flowchart TD
    A([Start]) --> B[Pattern A]
    B --> C[i = 1 to 4]
    C --> D[j = 1 to i]
    D --> E[Print j]
    E --> F[New line after inner loop]
    F --> G[Pattern B]
    G --> H[i = 4 to 1]
    H --> I[j = 0 to i-1]
    I --> J[Print *]
    J --> K[New line after inner loop]
    K --> L([End])

Mnemonic: "LOOP-NED" (Loop Outer, Order Pattern, Nested loops, End with newline, Display)

Question 3(a) [3 marks]

With the necessary examples describe the use of break statement.

Answer: Break statement is used to exit or terminate a loop prematurely when a specific condition is met.

Example:

# Finding the first odd number in a list
numbers = [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10]
for num in numbers:
    if num % 2 != 0:
        print(f"Found odd number: {num}")
        break
    print(f"Checking {num}")

Output:

Checking 2
Checking 4
Checking 6
Found odd number: 7

Mnemonic: "EXIT" (EXecute until condition, Immediately Terminate)

Question 3(b) [4 marks]

Explain if...else statement with suitable example.

Answer: The if...else statement is a conditional statement that executes different blocks of code based on whether a specified condition evaluates to True or False.

Syntax:

if condition:
    # Code to be executed if condition is True
else:
    # Code to be executed if condition is False

Example:

# Check if a number is even or odd
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is an even number")
else:
    print(f"{number} is an odd number")

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input number/]
    B --> C{number % 2 == 0?}
    C -->|Yes| D[/Print "number is even"/]
    C -->|No| E[/Print "number is odd"/]
    D --> F([End])
    E --> F

Mnemonic: "CITE" (Check condition, If True Execute this, Else execute that)

Question 3(c) [7 marks]

Create a User-defined function to print the Fibonacci series of 0 to N numbers where N is an integer number and passed as an argument.

Answer:

# Function to print Fibonacci series
def print_fibonacci(n):
    """
    Print Fibonacci series from 0 to n
    Args:
        n: Upper limit (inclusive)
    """
    # Initialize first two terms
    a, b = 0, 1
    
    # Check if n is valid
    if n < 0:
        print("Please enter a positive number")
        return
    
    # Print Fibonacci series
    print("Fibonacci series up to", n, ":")
    
    if n >= 0:
        print(a, end=" ")  # Print first term
    
    if n >= 1:
        print(b, end=" ")  # Print second term
    
    # Generate and print the rest of the series
    while a + b <= n:
        next_term = a + b
        print(next_term, end=" ")
        a, b = b, next_term

# Test the function
print_fibonacci(55)

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[Initialize a=0, b=1]
    B --> C{n < 0?}
    C -->|Yes| D[Print error message]
    D --> K([End])
    C -->|No| E{n >= 0?}
    E -->|Yes| F[Print a]
    E -->|No| G{n >= 1?}
    F --> G
    G -->|Yes| H[Print b]
    G -->|No| I{a + b <= n?}
    H --> I
    I -->|Yes| J[next_term = a + b\n Print next_term\n a = b\n b = next_term]
    J --> I
    I -->|No| K

Mnemonic: "FIBER" (First terms set, Initialize variables, Build next term, Echo results, Repeat until limit)

Question 3(a) OR [3 marks]

With the necessary examples describe the use of continue statement.

Answer: Continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and continue with the next iteration.

Example:

# Print only odd numbers from 1 to 10
for i in range(1, 11):
    if i % 2 == 0:
        continue  # Skip even numbers
    print(i)

Output:

Mnemonic: "SKIP" (Skip current iteration, Keep looping, Ignore remaining statements, Proceed to next iteration)

Question 3(b) OR [4 marks]

Explain For loop statement with example.

Answer: For loop is used to iterate over a sequence (like list, tuple, string) or other iterable objects and execute a block of code for each item in the sequence.

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:
    # Code to be executed for each item

Example:

# Print squares of numbers from 1 to 5
for num in range(1, 6):
    square = num ** 2
    print(f"The square of {num} is {square}")

Output:

The square of 1 is 1
The square of 2 is 4
The square of 3 is 9
The square of 4 is 16
The square of 5 is 25

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[For num in range 1 to 5]
    B --> C[square = num ** 2]
    C --> D[Print result]
    D --> E{More items?}
    E -->|Yes| B
    E -->|No| F([End])

Mnemonic: "FIRE" (For each Item, Run commands, Execute until end)

Question 3(c) OR [7 marks]

Write a python code that determines whether a given number is an 'Armstrong number' or a palindrome using a user-defined function.

Answer:

# Function to check if a number is Armstrong number
def is_armstrong(num):
    # Convert to string to count digits
    num_str = str(num)
    n = len(num_str)
    
    # Calculate sum of each digit raised to power of total digits
    sum_of_powers = sum(int(digit) ** n for digit in num_str)
    
    # Check if sum equals the original number
    return sum_of_powers == num

# Function to check if a number is a palindrome
def is_palindrome(num):
    # Convert to string
    num_str = str(num)
    
    # Check if string equals its reverse
    return num_str == num_str[::-1]

# Main function to check both conditions
def check_number(num):
    if is_armstrong(num):
        print(f"{num} is an Armstrong number")
    else:
        print(f"{num} is not an Armstrong number")
    
    if is_palindrome(num):
        print(f"{num} is a palindrome")
    else:
        print(f"{num} is not a palindrome")

# Test the function
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
check_number(number)

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input number/]
    B --> C[Call check_number]
    C --> D[Call is_armstrong]
    D --> E{Sum of powers == num?}
    E -->|Yes| F[/Print "is Armstrong"/]
    E -->|No| G[/Print "not Armstrong"/]
    C --> H[Call is_palindrome]
    H --> I{num == reversed num?}
    I -->|Yes| J[/Print "is palindrome"/]
    I -->|No| K[/Print "not palindrome"/]
    F --> L([End])
    G --> L
    J --> L
    K --> L

Mnemonic: "APC" (Armstrong check: Power sum of digits, Palindrome check: Compare with reverse)

Question 4(a) [3 marks]

Develop a python code to identify whether the scanned number is even or odd and print an appropriate message.

Answer:

# Program to check if a number is even or odd
# Input number from user
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if number is even or odd
if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{number} is an even number")
else:
    print(f"{number} is an odd number")

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input number/]
    B --> C{number % 2 == 0?}
    C -->|Yes| D[/Print "number is even"/]
    C -->|No| E[/Print "number is odd"/]
    D --> F([End])
    E --> F

Mnemonic: "MODE" (Modulo Operation Determines Even-odd)

Question 4(b) [4 marks]

Define function. Explain user define function using suitable example.

Answer: A function is a block of organized, reusable code that performs a specific task. User-defined functions are functions created by the programmer to perform custom operations.

Components of a User-defined Function:

def keyword: Marks the start of function definition
Function name: Identifier for the function
Parameters: Input values (optional)
Docstring: Description of the function (optional)
Function body: Code to be executed
Return statement: Output value (optional)

Example:

# User-defined function to calculate area of rectangle
def calculate_area(length, width):
    """
    Calculate area of rectangle
    Args:
        length: Length of rectangle
        width: Width of rectangle
    Returns:
        Area of rectangle
    """
    area = length * width
    return area

# Call the function
result = calculate_area(5, 3)
print(f"Area of rectangle: {result}")

Mnemonic: "DRAPE" (Define function, Receive parameters, Acquire result, Process data, End with return)

Question 4(c) [7 marks]

List out various String operations and explain any three using example.

Answer: String operations in Python:

Operation	Description
Concatenation	Joining strings together using +
Repetition	Repeating a string using *
Indexing	Accessing characters by position
Slicing	Extracting a portion of a string
Methods (len, upper, lower, etc.)	Built-in functions for string manipulation
Membership Testing	Check if a substring exists in a string
Formatting	Create formatted strings
Escape Sequences	Special characters preceded by \

Three String Operations with Examples:

String Concatenation:

first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name)  # Output: John Doe

String Slicing:

message = "Python Programming"
print(message[0:6])    # Output: Python
print(message[7:])     # Output: Programming
print(message[-11:])   # Output: Programming

String Methods:

text = "python programming"
print(text.upper())    # Output: PYTHON PROGRAMMING
print(text.capitalize())  # Output: Python programming
print(text.replace("python", "Java"))  # Output: Java programming

Mnemonic: "CSM" (Concatenate strings, Slice portions, Manipulate with methods)

Question 4(a) OR [3 marks]

Create a python code to check positive or negative number.

Answer:

# Program to check if a number is positive or negative
# Input number from user
number = float(input("Enter a number: "))

# Check if number is positive, negative, or zero
if number > 0:
    print(f"{number} is a positive number")
elif number < 0:
    print(f"{number} is a negative number")
else:
    print("The number is zero")

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[/Input number/]
    B --> C{number > 0?}
    C -->|Yes| D[/Print "number is positive"/]
    C -->|No| E{number < 0?}
    E -->|Yes| F[/Print "number is negative"/]
    E -->|No| G[/Print "number is zero"/]
    D --> H([End])
    F --> H
    G --> H

Mnemonic: "SIGN" (See If Greater than 0, Negative otherwise)

Question 4(b) OR [4 marks]

Explain local and global variables using suitable examples.

Answer: In Python, variables can have different scopes:

Variable Type	Description
Local Variable	Defined within a function and accessible only inside that function
Global Variable	Defined outside functions and accessible throughout the program

Example:

# Global variable
count = 0  # This is a global variable

def update_count():
    # Local variable
    local_var = 5  # This is a local variable
    
    # Accessing global variable inside function
    global count
    count += 1
    
    print(f"Local variable: {local_var}")
    print(f"Global variable (inside function): {count}")
    
# Call the function
update_count()

# Accessing variables outside function
print(f"Global variable (outside function): {count}")

# This would cause an error if uncommented
# print(local_var)  # NameError: name 'local_var' is not defined

Output:

Local variable: 5
Global variable (inside function): 1
Global variable (outside function): 1

Mnemonic: "SCOPE" (Some variables Confined to function Only, Program-wide Exposure for others)

Question 4(c) OR [7 marks]

List out various List operations and explain any three using example.

Answer: List operations in Python:

Operation	Description
Creating Lists	Using square brackets []
Indexing	Accessing elements by position
Slicing	Extracting portions of a list
Append	Adding elements to the end
Insert	Adding elements at specific positions
Remove	Removing specific elements
Pop	Removing and returning elements
Sort	Ordering list elements
Reverse	Reversing list order
Extend	Combining lists
List Comprehensions	Creating lists using expressions

Three List Operations with Examples:

List Indexing and Slicing:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi"]
print(fruits[1])        # Output: banana
print(fruits[-1])       # Output: kiwi
print(fruits[1:4])      # Output: ['banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

List Methods (append, insert, remove):

numbers = [1, 2, 3]
numbers.append(4)       # Add 4 to the end
print(numbers)          # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

numbers.insert(0, 0)    # Insert 0 at position 0
print(numbers)          # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

numbers.remove(2)       # Remove element with value 2
print(numbers)          # Output: [0, 1, 3, 4]

List Comprehensions:

# Create a list of squares
squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]
print(squares)  # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

# Filter even numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
evens = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]
print(evens)    # Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Mnemonic: "AIM" (Access with index, Insert/modify elements, Make using comprehensions)

Question 5(a) [3 marks]

Write python code to swap given two elements in a list.

Answer:

# Program to swap two elements in a list
def swap_elements(my_list, pos1, pos2):
    """
    Swap elements at positions pos1 and pos2 in the list
    """
    # Check if positions are valid
    if 0 <= pos1 < len(my_list) and 0 <= pos2 < len(my_list):
        # Swap elements
        my_list[pos1], my_list[pos2] = my_list[pos2], my_list[pos1]
        return True
    else:
        return False

# Example usage
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print("Original list:", numbers)

# Swap elements at positions 1 and 3
if swap_elements(numbers, 1, 3):
    print("After swapping:", numbers)
else:
    print("Invalid positions")

Output:

Original list: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
After swapping: [10, 40, 30, 20, 50]

Mnemonic: "SWAP" (Select positions, Watch boundaries, Assign simultaneously, Print result)

Question 5(b) [4 marks]

Explain math module and random module in python using example.

Answer: Math and random modules provide functions for mathematical operations and random number generation.

Math Module:

import math

# Constants
print(math.pi)          # Output: 3.141592653589793
print(math.e)           # Output: 2.718281828459045

# Mathematical functions
print(math.sqrt(16))    # Output: 4.0
print(math.ceil(4.2))   # Output: 5
print(math.floor(4.8))  # Output: 4
print(math.pow(2, 3))   # Output: 8.0

Random Module:

import random

# Random float between 0 and 1
print(random.random())       # Output: 0.123... (random)

# Random integer within range
print(random.randint(1, 10)) # Output: 7 (random between 1 and 10)

# Random choice from a sequence
colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]
print(random.choice(colors)) # Output: "green" (random)

# Shuffle a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(numbers)
print(numbers)               # Output: [3, 1, 5, 2, 4] (random)

Mnemonic: "MR-CS" (Math for Calculations, Random for Choice and Shuffling)

Question 5(c) [7 marks]

Write a python code to demonstrate tuples functions and operations.

Answer:

# Demonstrating Tuple Functions and Operations

# Creating tuples
empty_tuple = ()
single_item_tuple = (1,)  # Note the comma
mixed_tuple = (1, "Hello", 3.14, True)
nested_tuple = (1, 2, (3, 4))

# Accessing tuple elements
print("Accessing elements:")
print(mixed_tuple[0])      # Output: 1
print(mixed_tuple[-1])     # Output: True
print(nested_tuple[2][0])  # Output: 3

# Tuple slicing
print("\nTuple slicing:")
print(mixed_tuple[1:3])    # Output: ("Hello", 3.14)

# Tuple concatenation
tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print("\nConcatenated tuple:", tuple3)  # Output: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

# Tuple repetition
repeated_tuple = tuple1 * 3
print("\nRepeated tuple:", repeated_tuple)  # Output: (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

# Tuple methods
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2)
print("\nCount of 2:", numbers.count(2))  # Output: 3
print("Index of 3:", numbers.index(3))    # Output: 2

# Tuple unpacking
print("\nTuple unpacking:")
x, y, z = (10, 20, 30)
print(f"x={x}, y={y}, z={z}")  # Output: x=10, y=20, z=30

# Check if an element exists in a tuple
print("\nMembership testing:")
print(3 in numbers)     # Output: True
print(5 in numbers)     # Output: False

# Converting list to tuple and vice versa
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = tuple(my_list)
print("\nList to tuple:", my_tuple)

back_to_list = list(my_tuple)
print("Tuple to list:", back_to_list)

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A[Create Tuples] --> B[Access Elements]
    B --> C[Slice Tuples]
    C --> D[Concatenate Tuples]
    D --> E[Repeat Tuples]
    E --> F[Use Tuple Methods]
    F --> G[Unpack Tuples]
    G --> H[Test Membership]
    H --> I[Convert Types]

Mnemonic: "CASC-RUMTC" (Create, Access, Slice, Concatenate, Repeat, Use methods, Membership test, Tuple conversion)

Question 5(a) OR [3 marks]

Write a python code to find the sum of elements in a list.

Answer:

# Program to find the sum of elements in a list
def sum_of_elements(numbers):
    """
    Calculate the sum of all elements in a list
    """
    total = 0
    for num in numbers:
        total += num
    return total

# Example usage
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print("List:", my_list)
print("Sum of elements:", sum_of_elements(my_list))  # Output: 150

# Alternative using built-in sum() function
print("Sum using built-in function:", sum(my_list))  # Output: 150

Diagram:

flowchart LR
    A([Start]) --> B[Initialize total = 0]
    B --> C[For each num in list]
    C --> D[total += num]
    D --> E{More elements?}
    E -->|Yes| C
    E -->|No| F[Return total]
    F --> G([End])

Mnemonic: "SITE" (Sum Initialized To zero, Elements added one by one)

Question 5(b) OR [4 marks]

Explain the usage of following built in functions: 1) Print() 2) Min() 3) Sum() 4) Input()

Answer:

Function	Purpose	Example	Output
print()	Displays output to the console	`print("Hello World")`	Hello World
min()	Returns smallest item in an iterable	`min([5, 3, 8, 1])`	1
sum()	Returns sum of all items in an iterable	`sum([1, 2, 3, 4])`	10
input()	Reads input from the user	`name = input("Enter name: ")`	(waits for user input)

Example Code:

# print() function
print("Hello, Python!")  # Basic output
print("a", "b", "c", sep="-")  # Output with separator: a-b-c
print("No newline", end=" ")  # Custom end character
print("on same line")  # Output: No newline on same line

# min() function
numbers = [15, 8, 23, 4, 42]
print("Minimum value:", min(numbers))  # Output: 4
print("Minimum of 5, 2, 9:", min(5, 2, 9))  # Output: 2
chars = "wxyz"
print("Minimum character:", min(chars))  # Output: w

# sum() function
print("Sum of numbers:", sum(numbers))  # Output: 92
print("Sum with start value:", sum(numbers, 10))  # Output: 102

# input() function
user_input = input("Enter something: ")  # Prompts user for input
print("You entered:", user_input)  # Displays user's input

Mnemonic: "PMSI" (Print to display, Min for smallest, Sum for total, Input for reading)

Question 5(c) OR [7 marks]

Write a python code to demonstrate the set functions and operations.

Answer:

# Demonstrating Set Functions and Operations

# Creating sets
empty_set = set()  # Empty set
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
duplicates = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5}  # Duplicates removed automatically
print("Original set:", numbers)
print("Set with duplicates:", duplicates)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Adding elements
numbers.add(6)
print("\nAfter adding 6:", numbers)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

# Updating with multiple elements
numbers.update([7, 8, 9])
print("After updating:", numbers)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

# Removing elements
numbers.remove(5)  # Raises error if element not found
print("\nAfter removing 5:", numbers)

numbers.discard(10)  # No error if element not found
print("After discarding 10:", numbers)  # No change

popped = numbers.pop()  # Removes and returns arbitrary element
print("Popped element:", popped)
print("After pop:", numbers)

# Set operations
set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
set2 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

# Union
union_set = set1 | set2  # or set1.union(set2)
print("\nUnion:", union_set)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

# Intersection
intersection_set = set1 & set2  # or set1.intersection(set2)
print("Intersection:", intersection_set)  # Output: {4, 5}

# Difference
difference_set = set1 - set2  # or set1.difference(set2)
print("Difference (set1 - set2):", difference_set)  # Output: {1, 2, 3}

# Symmetric Difference
symmetric_diff = set1 ^ set2  # or set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
print("Symmetric difference:", symmetric_diff)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}

# Subset and Superset
subset = {1, 2}
print("\nIs {1, 2} subset of set1?", subset.issubset(set1))  # Output: True
print("Is set1 superset of {1, 2}?", set1.issuperset(subset))  # Output: True

Diagram:

flowchart TD
    A[Create Sets] --> B[Modify Sets]
    B --> C[Add Elements]
    B --> D[Remove Elements]
    A --> E[Set Operations]
    E --> F[Union]
    E --> G[Intersection]
    E --> H[Difference]
    E --> I[Symmetric Difference]
    E --> J[Subset/Superset]

Mnemonic: "CARDS-UI" (Create, Add, Remove, Discard elements, Set operations - Union, Intersection)